Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Review

[English]
Dietary factors and nutritional guidelines for sarcopenia in older adults: a narrative review: Sumin Heo, Soo Jin Yang; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(6):389-396. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00360

Abstract PDF: Objectives
Sarcopenia is a condition characterized by the loss of muscle mass and function and is often accompanied by aging and chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. It increases the risk of falls, frailty, disability, hospitalization, and mortality in older adults. Its global prevalence is estimated as approximately 10%–27% in adults aged > 60 years. This review analyzes evidence from research findings and recommendations to provide a comprehensive overview of dietary factors and nutritional strategies for preventing and managing sarcopenia in older adults.
Methods
Literatures were searched to integrate findings from observational studies, clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analysis on dietary factors and nutritional guidelines for the prevention and management of sarcopenia. Particularly, points were emphasized on protein intake, micronutrient adequacy, dietary patterns, and combined lifestyle interventions relevant to older populations.
Results
Sarcopenia develops through multifactorial mechanisms such as dysfunction in muscle protein synthesis, chronic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and aging-related hormonal decline. Nutritional factors, particularly protein intake, play a central role in its development and management. Adequate protein intake is typically 1.0–1.2 g/kg/day for healthy older adults and more than 1.2 g/kg/day for individuals with sarcopenia or frailty. High-quality protein intake, sufficient leucine intake, and amino acids or β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation may help to counteract dysfunction in muscle protein synthesis. The adequacy of vitamin D supports musculoskeletal health. Dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diets have been consistently associated with better muscle mass, strength, and function. Strong evidence has demonstrated synergistic benefits when optimized nutrition is combined with resistance exercise.
Conclusion
The comprehensive management of sarcopenia in older adults requires an integrated strategy that prioritizes adequate protein and energy intake, vitamin D adequacy, healthy dietary patterns, and regular resistance exercise.

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Research Articles

[Korean]
Prevalence of coronary artery disease according to lifestyle characteristics, nutrient intake level, and comorbidities among Koreans aged 40 years and older: a cross-sectional study using data from the 7th (2016–2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Areum Song, Sook-Bae Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(6):457-470. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00346

Abstract PDF: Objectives
To examine the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) according to lifestyle characteristics, nutrient intake level, and comorbidities among Koreans aged  40 years.
Methods
Data were derived from 11,025 participants aged ≥ 40 years in the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants were assigned to a CAD group (n = 470) or a non-CAD group (n = 10,555). Socio-demographic characteristics (age, sex, residence, income, marital status, education level, and employment status), lifestyle characteristics (smoking, drinking, walking, strength training, sleep duration, stress level, and subjective health perception), energy and nutrient intakes, and comorbidities, including obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, stroke, cancer, depression, renal failure, cataract, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis were analyzed.
Results
The prevalence of CAD was higher in older participants and in male. Participants with CAD had higher rates of smoking, engaged in less strength training, experienced higher stress, and had poorer perceived health. They had lower intakes of energy, fiber, folate and iron. The prevalence of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, stroke, depression, renal failure, cataract, asthma, allergic rhinitis, osteoarthritis, or osteoporosis was significantly higher in the CAD group. The likelihood of having CAD was significantly higher among participants with renal failure (odds ratio [OR], 4.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.24–8.08), depression (OR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.55–2.95), asthma (OR, 2.07; 95% CI 1.48–2.91), and dyslipidemia (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.69–2.44).
Conclusion
In Koreans aged  40 years, CAD was associated with unhealthy lifestyle habits, low nutrient intake, and increased comorbidities such as renal failure, depression, asthma, and dyslipidemia. These findings suggest the need for lifestyle management and intensive chronic disease management to reduce the risk of CAD.

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[Korean]
Effects of primary caregivers’ food literacy, social support, food environment, and household income on the nutritional status of school-aged children: a cross-sectional study: Seyeon Park, Ji-Yun Hwang, Sohyun Park, Hyun Joo Ryou, Jieun Oh; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(5):352-363. Published online October 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00248

Abstract PDF: Objectives
The dietary habits of school-aged children play a critical role in their growth and development, and are strongly influenced by the home environment. Household income is closely associated with caregivers’ food literacy, social support, and food environment. This directly affects the nutritional status of children. This study aimed to provide evidence to inform policies and educational programs for improving dietary habits in children, and to establish a foundation for tailored support strategies for low-income families.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 846 primary caregivers of school-aged children from 17 regions across Korea, recruited through an online survey. Household income, caregivers’ food literacy, social support, and food environment were assessed. Nutritional status in children was measured using the Nutrition Quotient for Children (NQ-C). Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), correlation analyses, and multiple linear regression.
Results
Caregivers from higher income households demonstrated significantly greater food literacy and social support (P < 0.001). Children from these households showed high balance scores and a large proportion of these children were in the “high” NQ-C grade. The NQ-C score in children was positively correlated with food literacy (r = 0.425), social support (r = 0.471), and the food environment (r = 0.235) (P < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that food literacy (β = 0.256) and social support (β = 0.348) were significant predictors of nutritional status in children.
Conclusion
This study confirmed that the nutritional status in children is not only determined solely by household income but is also mediated by caregivers’ food literacy, social support, and food environment. These findings highlighted the limitations of providing only economic support. The findings underscore the need for multifaceted interventions such as strengthening parental nutrition education, expanding social support networks, and improving access to healthy foods.

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[English]
Safety education status and needs priorities of Korean military food service personnel using the Borich Needs Assessment and the Locus for Focus model: a cross-sectional study: Jeongeun Park, Eunsil Her; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(4):261-273. Published online August 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00185

Abstract PDF: Objectives
Since the enactment of the Serious Accidents Punishment Act in Korea in 2021, the importance of safety management in food service facilities has increased. This study was conducted to examine the status of safety education and to identify educational needs for safety accident prevention among army food service personnel.
Methods
This study included 157 food service personnel from Army units located in Gyeongsangnam-do. Participants were divided into two groups based on the daily number of meals served. Demographic characteristics, the status of safety education, and priority for safety accident prevention education were evaluated.
Results
A total of 97.5% of participants received safety education, with 60.8% attending at least monthly. “Lecture” (63.4%) was the most commonly used educational method. The preferred educational methods were “Lecture” (23.5%) and “Counselling” (23.5%), showing significant group differences (P < 0.001). A total of 79.6% of participants reported applying the educational content in their performance. The mean importance score for safety accident prevention (4.78) was higher than the performance score (4.44), with significant differences between the two groups observed in the importance scores (P < 0.05). “Slip & burn” had the highest importance score, while “Electric shock and fire” had the highest performance score. The educational needs analysis revealed that the highest priority item for the < 100 meals group was “When moving heavy items, an assistive device or assistance from colleagues should be utilized”, while for the ≥ 100 meals group, it was “When using a vegetable cutter or grinder, use an exclusive stick.”
Conclusion
This study can serve as a foundational database for developing customized safety education programs tailored to Korean army food service personnel.

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[English]
The dietary factors associated with sleep duration in postmenopausal middle-aged women: a cross-sectional study using 2019–2023 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data: Eugene Shim; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(3):197-213. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00052

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study aimed to analyze dietary factors associated with sleep duration in postmenopausal middle-aged women using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), with particular emphasis on the postmenopausal period.
Methods
A total of 3,040 postmenopausal women aged 40–64 years from the 2019–2023 KNHANES were included. Sleep duration was classified into four categories: “appropriate sleep duration” (ASD; 7–9 hours), “short sleep duration” (6–7 hours), “very short sleep duration” (VSSD; < 6 hours), and “long sleep duration” (LSD; > 9 hours). Nutrient and food intake were compared among groups using analysis of covariance. Multinomial logistic and polynomial regression models assessed associations, adjusting for demographic and health covariates.
Results
The VSSD group had higher body mass index and waist circumference than the ASD group, despite lower total energy intake, and also consumed more snack energy and skipped breakfast and dinner more often. This group also had lower intakes of monounsaturated fatty acids and nuts and seeds. In the late menopausal group, greater consumption of cereal grains, fish and shellfish, and beverages was associated with elevated LSD risk. Conversely, higher folate intake in the early menopausal group was inversely associated with VSSD risk. Cholesterol intake was positively associated with LSD risk in both groups. A negative nonlinear association between sleep duration and dietary intake was observed in the early menopausal group when polyunsaturated fatty acid intake exceeded 19.86 g/day and riboflavin intake exceeded 1.76 mg/day. In the late menopausal group, riboflavin intake was strongly correlated with increased LSD risk (odds ratio = 4.776, P = 0.004). Sugar and beverage intake showed a positive linear relationship with sleep duration at average intake levels.
Conclusion
Dietary factors associated with sleep duration differed by postmenopausal period, with specific nutrients and food groups exhibiting variable associations with sleep duration above mean intake levels.meS

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[English]
Understanding the charactersitics and types of single-person households based on food purchase frequencies in Korea: a cross-sectional study using the 2023 Consumer Behavior Survey for Foods: So-Yun Kim, Youngmin Nam, Jong-Youn Rha, Haerang Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(1):27-39. Published online February 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00031

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study investigated the differences in food purchase frequency among single-person households by gender and age group and explored the characteristics of single-person household groups according to their food purchase patterns.
Methods
Utilizing data from the 2023 Consumer Behavior Survey for Foods conducted by the Korea Rural Economic Institute, this study examined food purchase frequencies among 966 single-person households. Data were analyzed using Rao-Scott chi-square tests, ANCOVA, ANOVA, and K-modes hierarchical cluster analysis.
Results
Significant differences were observed in the food purchase frequencies of single-person households for fresh and convenient food. Women displayed higher purchase frequencies for fish, vegetables, and fruits, whereas men showed higher purchase frequencies for convenient foods (P < 0.005). Single-person households aged 39 years and younger exhibited lower purchase frequencies for vegetables (P < 0.005) and fish (P < 0.001) and substantially higher frequencies of convenient food purchases (P < 0.001). Additionally, this study identified three distinct single-person household groups based on food purchase pattern: the “nutrition-conscious” group, which exhibited high purchase frequency for fresh foods; the “convenience-seeking” group, which showed high purchase frequency for all types of convenient foods; and the “passive food consumer” group, which displayed relatively low purchase frequency for both fresh foods and convenient foods. The socio-demographic characteristics of single-person households differed significantly across these three groups, with the “passive food consumer” group and “convenience-seeking” group exhibiting lower healthy eating competency (MN(nutrition-conscious group) = 3.68, MP(passive-food-consumer group) = 3.40, MC(convenience-seeking group) = 3.52, P < 0.001), safe eating competency (MN = 3.87, MP = 3.57, MC = 3.77, P < 0.001), and satisfaction (MN = 3.36, MP = 3.23, MC = 3.25, P = 0.04) than the “nutrition-conscious” group.
Conclusion
This study underscores the need for targeted nutrition programs to address the unique needs of single-person households depending on their characteristics. Specifically, this study highlights the importance of targeted interventions for “convenience-seeking” and “passive food consumer” to promote dietary competency and encourage healthy dietary behavior.

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Secular trends in dietary patterns among Korean adults: using data from the 2007–2022 Korea National health and nutrition examination survey
Eunyoung Tak, Juhae Kim, Heejin Lee, Minji Kang
Nutrition Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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[English]
Effects of a multi-component program based on partially hydrolyzed guar gum (Sunfiber^®) on glycemic control in South Korea: a single-arm, pre-post comparison pilot clinical trial: Hyoung Su Park, A-Hyun Jeong, Hyejung Hong, Hana Jang, Hye-Jin Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(1):40-52. Published online February 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.00276; Correction in: Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(2):173

Abstract PDF

Objectives
The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a multi-component program, including partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG, Sunfiber®) supplementation, on glycemic control, gut health, and nutritional status to support diabetes prevention and management among Korean adults.
Methods
A single-arm trial was conducted with 29 adults (aged 20-55 years) with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 100 mg/dL. Over a six-week period, participants engaged in a multi-component program that incorporated the supplementation of PHGG (Sunfiber®, 12.5 g/day), weekly nutritional coaching, and the use of continuous glucose monitoring devices. The program’s effectiveness was evaluated by measuring FPG and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels through blood tests conducted before and after the intervention. Improvements in gut health were gauged using the Korean Gut Quotient Measurement Scales, while enhancements in nutritional status were assessed using the Nutrition Quotient (NQ) and surveys that evaluated improvements in gut health and nutritional status.
Results
Participants’ average age was 43.89 years, with approximately 80% being male. Most participants (about 75%) were classified as overweight or obese. After six-weeks, 17 participants who adhered closely to the program (meeting certification criteria) exhibited significant reductions in key blood glucose markers. FPG levels decreased from 113.06 ± 23.16 mg/dL to 106.24 ± 16.33 mg/dL (P < 0.05), and HbA1c levels decreased from 6.08% ± 0.81% to 5.87% ± 0.53% (P < 0.05). The NQ evaluation revealed significant increases in comprehensive nutrition scores, and in the balance and practice domain scores for all participants (P < 0.05). Furthermore, in the gut health survey, approximately 82.1% of all participants reported experiencing positive changes.
Conclusion
Among adults with elevated FPG levels, a multi-component intervention program that included PHGG (Sunfiber®) supplementation, structured dietary management, and the use of health-monitoring devices showed significant benefits in improving glycemic control, overall nutritional status, and gut health. Trial Registration: Clinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT0010049.

Citations

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Comparative analysis of dietary and lifestyle habits according to the prediabetic status in young adults
Joungyoon Seo, SeongHee Shin, Yuri Kim, Yoo Kyoung Park
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2025; 58(5): 468. CrossRef
Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum Combined with a Low-Fat Diet Ameliorates Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus via Modulating Gut Microbiota and Fecal Metabolites
Zhiqiang Cao, Hongxia Li, Quantao Cai, Li Chen, Liangzhong Liu, Yuhan Tang, Zhe Zhu, Ping Yao
Nutrients.2025; 17(23): 3746. CrossRef

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[Korean]
Biochemical characteristics, nutrient intakes, and chronic disease risk according to the dietary fat energy ratio in middle-aged Korean: a cross-sectional study using data from the 7th (2016–2018) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Ga-Hyeon Jeong, Sook-Bae Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(6):528-540. Published online December 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.00304

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study aimed to examine health-related characteristics and chronic disease risk in middle-aged Koreans based on their fat energy intake ratio.
Methods
We analyzed data from 7,274 Koreans aged 40–64 years using the 7th (2016–2018) Koreans National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants were classified into three groups based on their fat energy intake ratio: insufficient (< 15%), adequate (15%–30%), and excessive (> 30%). We assessed their socio-demographic characteristics; lifestyle characteristics; biochemical characteristics; quantitative and qualitative nutrient intakes, measured using dietary reference intakes for Koreans and index of nutrition quality (INQ); and chronic disease risk.
Results
Significant differences were observed between the groups in age, gender, income, education, and residence region. The insufficient group had the highest proportion of older adults, male, lower income, rural residents, and lower education levels. The groups differed significantly in lifestyle characteristics, with the insufficient group having the highest rates of no walking, heavy drinking, smoking, and poor subjective health perception. Biochemical characteristics in the insufficient group exhibited the lowest levels for fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and triglycerides. Significant differences were found in both the quantitative and qualitative intake of nutrients. The insufficient group had the lowest intake of most nutrients except fiber, whereas the excessive group had the lowest fiber intake. Based on the INQ, vitamin A and Ca were the lowest in the insufficient group, and vitamin C and folic acid were the lowest in the excessive group. The risk of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome was highest in the deficient group, and the risk of liver cirrhosis was highest in the excessive group.
Conclusion
Insufficient or excessive fat energy intake ratio negatively affects nutrient intake and chronic disease risk. Fat energy intake of 15%–30% is important for improving nutrient intake and managing chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and liver cirrhosis. We suggest that education and an appropriate social environment are necessary to ensure this fat energy intake.

Citations

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Study on the Optimization of Manufacturing Conditions for Traditional Potato Bugak Using Response Surface Methodology
Yu Hyeon Jo, Jeong Ok Rho
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2025; 35(1): 60. CrossRef
Nutritional risk assessment using estimated usual nutrient intake in Korean adults: analysis of the 8th (2019–2021) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data
Woojin Byeon, Cho-il Kim, Sung Ok Kwon, Jihyun Yoon, Linxi Huang
Nutrition Research and Practice.2025; 19(5): 799. CrossRef

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[Korean]
Co-occurrence network and pattern of school lunch using big data and text-mining using data from the 2021–2023 school meal menu information on the NEIS open educational information portal: an exploratory study: Hyeyun Kang, Jimi Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(6):514-527. Published online December 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.00297

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
This study aimed to use big data from elementary, middle, and high school lunches to determine the primary food groups and menu items that contribute to lunch meals through text-mining and investigate the variations in food groups and menu composition patterns across different grade levels.
Methods
Between 2021 and 2023, a total of 7,892,456 lunch menus from 17 cities and provinces in South Korea were analyzed using big data from the National Education Information System (NEIS) system. After undergoing text preprocessing for text-mining, the collected menus were classified into 34 food groups based on primary ingredients and cooking methods, excluding the types of rice and kimchi. Subsequently, analyses of term frequency, term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), centrality, and co-occurrence networks were performed on the food group and menu data.
Results
According to the TF-IDF, the most frequent food group across all grade levels was soup and seasoned vegetables, whereas milk was the most frequently provided menu. As the grade level increased, the frequency of grilled and fried food increased. In elementary schools, fruits exhibited the highest centrality, whereas soup had the highest centrality in middle and high schools. Co-occurrence frequency revealed that the soup-fruit combination was the most common in elementary schools, whereas soup and seasoned vegetables were most frequently paired in middle and high schools. The co-occurrence network of food groups and menus further indicated that menus regularly provided as standard meals and those frequently offered as special meals formed distinct communities.
Conclusion
This study investigated the food groups and menu provision patterns in school meals through text-mining techniques applied to large-scale school lunch. The findings may contribute in enhancing the quality of nutritional management, school foodservice, and menu composition of school meal programs.

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[Korean]
Impact of a public health center nutrition education program on patients with type 2 diabetes in a primary care-based chronic disease management project: a pilot intervention study: Haerim Yang, Yoo Kyoung Park, Ji-hyun Lee, Hee-Sook Lim, Heejoon Baek, Hyejin Lee, Haeran Park, Pyunghwa Lee, Jooyoun Chung, Won Gyoung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(6):492-503. Published online December 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.00018

Abstract PDF: Objectives
We investigated the impact of an advanced “Nutrition Education Program” on patients with Diabetes mellitus, type 2 from public health centers enrolled in a primary health care-based chronic disease management project. This 12-week dietary management program was developed by the Korea Health Promotion and Development Institute. We assessed if this program improved glycemic control and other health indicators through dietary and nutritional improvements.
Methods
Seventeen patients with Diabetes mellitus type 2 were enrolled in the “Nutrition Education Program.” These patients were referred to public health centers for lifestyle management based on physician assessments at local clinics that were participating in a pilot project on primary health care-based chronic disease management. The participants attended the program comprising face-to-face basic, in-depth, and practical training sessions at the health center during the third, fifth, and seventh weeks, respectively. Anthropometric measurements, body composition analysis, blood biochemical characteristics, nutritional knowledge, and self-efficacy evaluation were performed before and after the program. Data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 28.0.
Results
The mean age of the participants was 62 years, and most participants were female (14, 82.4%). No significant changes in patients’ anthropometric measurements or body composition were observed after the training. However, significant reductions were observed in the blood biochemical characteristics, including glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein levels. Additionally, patients’ nutritional knowledge and self-efficacy scores increased significantly.
Conclusions
The “Nutrition Education Program” helped in improving glycemic control and other health indicators in patients with Diabetes mellitus type 2. Further research is required to objectively confirm the long-term and sustained effects of the program in a controlled study. Trial Registration Clinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT0010010

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[English]
Effects of a nutrition education program on metabolic syndrome risk factors in middle-aged Korean adults: an intervention study: Minji Kang, Young-Hee Park, Subeen Kim, Eunyoung Tak, Hyun Wook Baik, Hee Young Paik, Hyojee Joung; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(4):265-277. Published online August 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.00005

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a nutrition education program on metabolic syndrome in middle-aged Korean adults.
Methods
A total of 411 Korean adults 30–59 years of age were allocated randomly into three groups: the nutrition education group for promoting Han-sik consumption (HG), the nutrition education group for eating balanced diet (EG), and the control group (CG). The HG and EG received four face-to-face nutrition education sessions over 16 weeks to improve nutritional problems based on the individual’ usual diet. Effectiveness of the program was evaluated with the differences of self-reported dietary behaviors, dietary intakes, anthropometric measurements and biochemical indices between the baseline and the end of the nutrition education program. The changes within groups were analyzed using paired t-test and McNemar test and effectiveness among three groups was analyzed by repeated analysis of variance.
Results
After the nutrition education, the percentages of participants who achieved the recommended food group consumption in the Korean Food Guidance Systems significantly increased in HG (P = 0.022). Body weight (P = 0.007), body mass index (P = 0.002), and triglycerides (P = 0.002) significantly decreased in HG. Waist circumference and diastolic blood pressure decreased in all three groups (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
This study found that tailored nutrition education program for middle aged Korean adults showed beneficial effects on improving dietary behaviors and metabolic syndrome risk factors. Further studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of the nutrition education programs on metabolic syndrome risks.

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[Korean]
Intake of energy and macronutrients according to household income among elementary, middle, and high school students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study: Chae-Eun Jeong, Heejin Lee, Jung Eun Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(3):234-252. Published online June 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.29.3.234

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study examined the intake of energy and macronutrients among elementary, middle, and high school students according to household income before the COVID-19 pandemic (2016–2019), during the social distancing period (2020–2021), and after the social distancing measures were lifted (2022).
Methods
We included 5,217 students aged 5–18 from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) conducted between 2016 and 2022. Dietary intake was assessed using one-day 24-hour dietary recalls. We estimated the least squares means (LS-means) of intake according to household income for each period using a weighted linear regression model, adjusted for age and sex. Differences in LS-means between the periods were analyzed using the t-test.
Results
During the social distancing period, the LS-means of energy intake among students decreased significantly by 143.2 kcal/day compared to pre-pandemic levels (P < 0.001). Students from low-income households experienced a more pronounced decrease in energy intake (−379.1 kcal/day, P < 0.001) and macronutrient intake compared to those from other income groups. Energy intake at school significantly declined for all income groups during the social distancing period compared to before the pandemic. No significant changes in home energy intake were observed among low-income students, whereas there was an increase for students from higher-income groups. Before the pandemic, 8.5% of students from low-income households reported insufficient food due to economic difficulties; this figure rose to 21.3% during the pandemic.
Conclusions
During the pandemic, students from low-income families experienced significantly lower intake of energy and macronutrients compared to pre-pandemic levels. The most substantial reductions were noted among low-income students, largely due to the lack of compensation for decreased school-based intake with increased intake at home.

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How Did the Dietary Behavior of Older Korean Adults Change During the COVID-19 Pandemic?
Yong-Seok Kwon, Dasol Kim, Hee-Sook Lim
Nutrients.2025; 17(12): 1973. CrossRef
Dietary Assessment of Older Korean Adults by Level of Plant Protein Intake
Yong-Seok Kwon, Ye-Jun Kim, Jeong-Hun Song, Yangsuk Kim
Nutrients.2025; 17(12): 1976. CrossRef
Analysis of Risk Factor Changes for Myopia in Korean Adolescents Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
Seeun Lee, So Ra Kim, Mijung Park
Medicina.2025; 61(10): 1798. CrossRef
Changes in Ultra-Processed Food Consumption among Adolescents before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic : Using Data from the 7th (2018~2019) and 8th (2020~2021) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Hyun-Jin Hwang, Yoo Kyeong Kim
Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2024; 33(6): 981. CrossRef

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[English]
Serum branch chain amino acids and aromatic amino acids ratio and metabolic risks in Koreans with normal-weight or obesity: a cross-sectional study: Ji-Sook Park, Kainat Ahmed, Jung-Eun Yim; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(3):212-221. Published online June 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.29.3.212

Abstract PDF

Objectives
Metabolic disease is strongly associated with future insulin resistance, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. Thus, identifying early biomarkers of metabolic-related disease based on serum profiling is useful to control future metabolic disease. Our study aimed to assess the association of serum branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) and aromatic amino acids (AAAs) ratio and metabolic disease according to body mass index (BMI) status among Korean adults.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 78 adults aged 20–59 years in Korea. We compared serum amino acid (AA) levels between adults with normal-weight and adults with obesity and investigated biomarkers of metabolic disease. We examined serum AA levels, blood profile, and body composition. We also evaluated the association between serum AAs and metabolic-related disease.
Results
The height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-hip-ratio, body fat mass, body fat percent, skeletal muscle mass, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were higher in the group with obesity compared to normal weight group. The group with obesity showed significantly higher levels of BCAA, AAA, and BCAA and AAA ratio. Further, BCAA and AAA ratio were significantly positively correlated with triglyceride, body weight, and skeletal muscle mass. The evaluation of metabolic disease risks revealed an association between the ratios of BCAAs and AAAs, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome.
Conclusions
Our study is showed the associations between BCAA and AAA ratio, obesity, and obesity-related diseases using various analytical approaches. The elevated BCAA and AAA ratio could be early biomarkers for predicting future metabolic diseases in Korean population.

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Apostolos Gkantzos, Stavros Kalogiannis, Olga Deda
Journal of Proteome Research.2025; 24(5): 2208. CrossRef
Current Data on the Role of Amino Acids in the Management of Obesity in Children and Adolescents
Diana Zamosteanu, Nina Filip, Laura Mihaela Trandafir, Elena Ţarcă, Mihaela Pertea, Gabriela Bordeianu, Jana Bernic, Anne Marie Heredea, Elena Cojocaru
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(15): 7129. CrossRef

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2 Crossref

[English]
Association between dietary intake, body measurements, and urinary bone resorption markers in young adults with osteopenia and osteoporosis: a cross-sectional study: Mi-Hyun Kim, Mi-Kyeong Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2023;28(4):282-292. Published online August 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.4.282

Abstract PDF: Objectives
Bone health in early adulthood, as individuals approach peak bone mass, plays a critical role in preventing osteoporosis later in life. This study aimed to investigate the associations between lifestyle and dietary factors, anthropometric measurements, and urinary bone resorption markers in young adults.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 100 healthy Korean adults (50 men and 50 women) in their 20s and early 30s. Bone mineral density (BMD), anthropometric measurements, dietary intake (24-hour recall), and urinary bone resorption indicators (deoxypyridinoline and N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen) were analyzed. Variables were compared between the osteopenia and osteoporosis groups (OSTEO group: 30% men and 60% women) and the healthy control group.
Results
Men in the OSTEO group were significantly taller than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Women in the OSTEO group had significantly lower body weight and body composition (muscle and body fat) than those in the normal group (P < 0.01). Men in the OSTEO group had a significantly higher intake of animal calcium (Ca) than those in the normal group (P < 0.05). Women in the OSTEO group had significantly higher dietary fiber, vitamin A, Ca, plant Ca, and potassium intake than did those in the normal group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in caffeinated beverage consumption, eating habits, or urinary bone resorption indicators between the OSTEO and control groups of either sex.
Conclusions
In our study of young South Korean adults, we observed low bone density levels, with particularly low BMD in taller men and underweight women. We found a higher nutrient intake in the OSTEO group, indicating the possibility of reverse causality, a phenomenon often found in cross-sectional studies. Therefore, there is a need to further elucidate dietary factors related to osteoporosis in young adults through prospective cohort studies involving a larger population.

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Review

[English]
Mercury exposure is associated with obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis: Jimin Jeon, Kyong Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2023;28(3):192-205. Published online June 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.3.192

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Previous studies have evaluated the association between mercury exposure and obesity but have yielded mixed conclusions. The aim of this study was to systematically review and summarize scientific evidence regarding the association between mercury exposure and obesity in the human population.
Methods
We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct for articles related to mercury exposure and obesity. Meta-analyses of the highest and lowest categories of mercury levels were evaluated using a random effects model. Begg’s test was used to detect publication bias.
Results
A total of 9 articles were included. The pooled random effects odds ratio (OR) for mercury exposure and obesity of all 9 studies was 1.66 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-2.38). This positive association was evident in adults (OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.02-2.54) and among studies with Asian populations (OR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.53-2.59), but not among those with North America/African populations (OR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.50-1.65).
Conclusions
The present meta-analysis identified a positive association between mercury exposure and obesity. These findings suggest that toxic environmental metals such as mercury may be an important risk factor for obesity along with dietary habits and lifestyles.

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Mingyu Zhang, Izzuddin M. Aris, Andres Cardenas, Sheryl L. Rifas‐Shiman, Pi‐I Debby Lin, Long H. Ngo, Emily Oken, Stephen P. Juraschek, Marie‐France Hivert
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Association Between Heavy Metals Exposure and Elevated High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein: Mediating Role of Body Mass Index
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Dong-Wook Lee, Jongmin Oh, Yu Min Lee, Hyun-Joo Bae, Youn-Hee Lim
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Research Articles

[English]
Micronutrients and prevention of cervical pre-cancer in HPV vaccinated women: a cross-sectional study: Chandrika J Piyathilake, Suguna Badiga, Nongnut Thao, Pauline E Jolly; Korean J Community Nutr 2023;28(1):61-73. Published online February 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.1.61

Abstract PDF

Objectives
Prophylactic vaccines against high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) hold promise to prevent the development of higher grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2+) and cervical cancer (CC) that develop due to HR-HPV genotypes that are included in HPV vaccines, but women will continue to develop CIN 2+ and CC due to HR-HPV genotypes that are not included in the quadrivalent HPV vaccine (qHPV) and 9-valent HPV vaccine (9VHPV). Thus, the current vaccines are likely to decrease but not entirely prevent the development of CIN 2+ or CC. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence and determinants of CIN 2+ that develop due to HR-HPVs not included in vaccines.
Methods
Study population consisted of 1476 women tested for 37 HPVs and known to be negative for qHPVs (6/11/16/18, group A, n = 811) or 9VHPVs (6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58, group B, n = 331), but positive for other HR-HPVs. Regression models were used to determine the association between plasma concentrations of micronutrients, socio-demographic, lifestyle factors and risk of CIN 2+ due to HR-HPVs that are not included in vaccines.
Results
The prevalence of infections with HPV 31, 33, 35 and 58 that contributed to CIN 2+ differed by race. In group A, African American (AA) women and current smokers were more likely to have CIN 2 (OR = 1.76, P = 0.032 and 1.79, P = 0.016, respectively) while in both groups of A and B, those with higher vitamin B12 were less likely to have similar lesions (OR = 0.62, P = 0.036 and 0.45, P = 0.035, respectively).
Conclusions
We identified vitamin B12 status and smoking as independent modifiable factors and ethnicity as a factor that needs attention to reduce the risk of developing CIN 2+ in the post vaccination era. Continuation of tailored screening programs combined with non-vaccine-based approaches are needed to manage the residual risk of developing HPV-related CIN 2+ and CC in vaccinated women.

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The Relationship Between Metal Exposure and HPV Infection: Evidence from Explainable Machine Learning Methods
Huangyu Hu, Yue Wu, Jiaqi Liu, Min Zhao, Ping Xie
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The Impact of an Educational Program on Cervical Cancer Knowledge Among HIV-Positive Women in Bali, Indonesia
Desak Lestari, Ania Wellere, Ilene Brill, Ni Luh Sari, Pauline Jolly, Chandrika Piyathilake
International Journal of Women's Health.2024; Volume 16: 1677. CrossRef

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[Korean]
Comparison of the Nutrient Intake and Health Status of Elderly Koreans According to their BMI Status: Focus on the Underweight Elderly Population: You-Sin Lee, Yoonna Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2022;27(5):422-434. Published online October 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2022.27.5.422

Abstract PDF

Objectives
With an increase in the population of the elderly in Korea, their nutritional status has become a cause for concern. This study was designed to compare the nutritional intake and health status of the Korean elderly according to their body mass index.
Methods
The subjects were 3,274 elderly people aged 65 and above who had participated in the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were divided into four groups: underweight, normal, overweight, and obese, based on their BMI. The general characteristics, daily energy, and nutrient intakes, nutrient intakes compared to the recommended nutrient intake, percentage of participants whose nutrient intake was lower than the estimated average requirement (EAR), index of nutrient quality, the mean adequacy ratio (MAR), intakes by food group, and health status of the four groups were compared.
Results
Underweight elderly people showed lower energy, lipids, dietary fiber, vitamin C, riboflavin, niacin, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium intake and MAR score (P < 0.001) compared to the normal or obese elderly. The mean protein, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, phosphorus, and iron intake of the underweight elderly was lower than the EAR (P < 0.05). Underweight elderly people also had a lower intake of vegetables and fats, oil and sweets food groups than the other groups (P < 0.001). The prevalence of diabetes and dyslipidemia was higher in the obese group, but the percentage of anemia was higher in the underweight group.
Conclusions
Underweight elderly people were vulnerable to undernutrition and were at a higher risk of anemia.

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Daekeun Kwon, Su-Yeon Roh, Jeonga Kwon
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Woo-Hyeon Son, Min-Seong Ha, Tae-Jin Park
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The Relationship of Pork Meat Consumption with Nutrient Intakes, Diet Quality, and Biomarkers of Health Status in Korean Older Adults
Ah-Jin Jung, Anshul Sharma, Mei Chung, Taylor Wallace, Hae-Jeung Lee
Nutrients.2024; 16(23): 4188. CrossRef

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[English]
Investigation of Millennials' Perception of Vegan Trends and Future Needs: Eun-Hye Song, Bok-Mi Jung; Korean J Community Nutr 2022;27(5):373-386. Published online October 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2022.27.5.373

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study examined the perception of the vegan trend of millennials and their future needs.
Methods
This study was conducted online from June 21, 2021, to July 15, 2021, targeting 425 adult men and women born between 1980 and 2000. The contents of the survey were divided into four categories: general information, awareness of vegetables, awareness of vegan trends, and future needs for vegan trends.
Results
Most respondents recognized the importance of eating vegetables and perceived vegetarianism and veganism as a lifestyle. Regarding the perception of the vegan trend, the highest response rate was ‘The vegan trend is to be satisfied with my life regardless of other people’, while the lowest response rate was ‘The vegan trend is only a temporary fad’. The reasons for purchasing vegan products with high response rates were ‘interest in the earth and environment’, ‘protection of animal rights’, and ‘thinking about health’. The type of vegan product wanted in the future was delicious food, and convenience level was in the order of ‘completely cooked’, ‘half-cooked’, and ‘pre-processed’. Among the sustainable vegetarian types that millennials responded, ‘semi-vegetarian’, which can consume most animal products excluding red meat, showed the highest response rate.
Conclusions
The positive perceptions about vegetables are expected to increase. Efforts should be made to develop convenient meals using vegetables and provide reasonable prices to expand vegetable intake.

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Stefan Mann, Sebastian Richter, Melf-Hinrich Ehlers, Andreas Roesch, Melanie Douziech
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment.2025; 30(10): 2248. CrossRef
Quality properties of defatted rice bran extract powder and vegan cookies
A-Young Lee, Hyun-A An, Seung-Bin Han, Eun-Ju Cho, Hye-Jeong Kim, Dong-Jin Moon, Jeung-Hee Lee
Food Science and Preservation.2024; 31(6): 865. CrossRef
코퍼스를 활용한 한국 사회 10년 비건 패션, 뷰티 변화 분석
소미 강, 하연 장, 주연 장
Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles.2023; 47(4): 625. CrossRef

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[Korean]
Dietary Behaviors Associated with Health Perception of Korean Adolescents from Multicultural Families: based on data from the 2017 ~ 2019 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Surveys: YueRong Hu, SuJin Song; Korean J Community Nutr 2022;27(3):192-204. Published online June 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2022.27.3.192

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study examined the association between dietary behaviors and perceived health status among Korean adolescents from multicultural families.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 2,459 Korean adolescents from multicultural families (aged 13 ~ 18 years) who participated in the 2017 ~ 2019 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Surveys. Information on the sociodemographic variables, dietary behaviors, and lifestyle variables was selfreported using a web-based questionnaire. The dietary behaviors analyzed in this study were the breakfast and food intake frequencies, including fruit, vegetable, milk, fast food, carbonated drink, sweet drink, and high caffeine/energy drinks. The adolescents’ health perception was self-rated as healthy, average, or unhealthy. The dietary behaviors associated with health perception were examined using a multiple logistic regression after adjusting for the confounding variables.
Results
In this study population, 7.6% of adolescents perceived their health status as unhealthy, and 25.4% perceived it as average. The adolescents who were girls, middle school students, and in households with a low economic status showed significantly higher percentages of poor health perception (P-values < 0.001). Skipping breakfast was significantly associated with a negative health perception. Compared to the adolescents who consumed fruits every day, those who did not consume fruits during the previous week showed a higher odd ratio (OR) for a negative health perception [OR = 2.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.32–3.97]. The adolescents who frequently consumed carbonated drinks ( 5 times/week) perceived their health status as unhealthy relative to those who did not consume carbonated drinks (OR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.25–3.71). Skipping breakfast was significantly associated with an increased OR for a negative health perception in girls but not in boys. Compared to adolescents with a normal weight, those with overweight/ obesity (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.21–2.52) and underweight (OR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.25–3.82) showed higher ORs for negative health perception. Positive associations of overweight/obesity and underweight with negative health perception were observed in boys but not in girls.
Conclusions
Dietary behaviors and weight status were associated with the health perception in Korean adolescents from multicultural families. These findings suggest that nutrition interventions on breakfast intake and healthy food choices for this population might effectively improve their weight and perceived health status.

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The unequal weight of COVID-19 pandemic: national trends in body mass index among Korean adolescents by immigrant-origin and gender from 2013 to 2022
Nari Yoo, Yumin Hong, Yoonyoung Choi
International Journal of Adolescence and Youth.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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1 Crossref

[Korean]
A Study on the Dietary and Lifestyle Changes of Middle-Aged Women in the Gwangju Area in the COVID-19 Era: Moon-Soon Kim, Bok-Mi Jung; Korean J Community Nutr 2021;26(4):259-269. Published online August 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2021.26.4.259

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the changes in the eating habits and lifestyle of middle-aged women in Gwangju during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A total of 428 middle-aged women aged between 40 and 60 participated in a survey relating to general information, food and lifestyle, health functional food, and menopausal symptoms. The correlation between the variables was analyzed. Results: In the positive habits, the intake of nutritional supplements for immunity enhancement increased the most, followed by the use of media to learn healthy eating tips, and diets including healthy food. Negative habits increased in the order of frequency of taking delivery orders, levels of stress or anxiety, and time spent sitting or watching movies. In the case of recommended foods, the intake increased the most in the order of eggs, fruits, vegetables, milk/dairy products, and seaweed. Non-recommended foods increased in the order of meat, bread, rice, and noodles. The awareness of health functional foods was in the increasing order of interest, knowledge, consumption experience, and purchase amount. The type of health functional food intake was in the increasing order of probiotics, multivitamin and mineral supplements, vitamin C, collagen, and omega-3. Menopausal symptoms were in the increasing order of bone and joint pain, poor sleep quality, emotional ups and downs, loneliness, and feeling of emptiness. In the correlation of major variables, positive habits showed a significant positive correlation with recommended food intake and the recognition of health functional foods. Negative habits showed a significant positive correlation with non-recommended food intake and a significant positive correlation with menopausal symptoms. Recommended food intake showed a significant positive correlation with health functional food recognition and intake and menopausal symptoms. Conclusions: This study suggests that it is necessary to establish social measures to reduce the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on middle-aged women and to ensure effective self-management through a healthy lifestyle since the pandemic has a long-term impact.

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Barley-Based Cereals Enhance Metabolic Health and Satiety in Overweight Korean Adults: A Randomized Trial
Ingyeong Kang, Hyunsook Jang, Minchul Gim, Sang Eun Bae, Yu Jin Lee, Chai Sun Leem, Yoo Kyoung Park
Nutrients.2025; 17(17): 2801. CrossRef
Comparative study on the health and dietary habits of Korean male and female adults before and after the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: utilizing data from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2021)
Chaemin Kim, Eunjung Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(1): 65. CrossRef
Quality Characteristics of Staple Breads Based on Baking Methods
Eun-Hee Doo
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2024; 34(1): 77. CrossRef
Changes in Ultra-Processed Food Consumption among Adolescents before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic : Using Data from the 7th (2018~2019) and 8th (2020~2021) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Hyun-Jin Hwang, Yoo Kyeong Kim
Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2024; 33(6): 981. CrossRef
Dietary guidelines adherence and changes in eating habits among college students in the post-COVID-19 period: a cross-sectional study
Eunyoung Yoon
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(3): 220. CrossRef
Changes in dietary habits and chronic diseases before and after COVID-19 by regions using data from the 2018-2020 Korea Community Health Survey and Consumer Behavior Survey for Foods: a cross-sectional study
Surim Park, Eun-hee Jang, Seungmin Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(2): 124. CrossRef
광주광역시 지역민의 영양교육 요구도 조사 분석
은평 양, 경윤 김, 승희 최, 금비 류, 옥경 김, 정미 윤
Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2023; 39(2): 100. CrossRef
Consumers’ perceptions of dietary supplements before and after the COVID-19 pandemic based on big data
Eunjung Lee, Hyo Sun Jung, Jin A Jang
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(3): 330. CrossRef
Self-rated health according to change of lifestyle after COVID-19: Differences between age groups
Dan Bi Lee, Jung Hyun Ahn, Jin Young Nam
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2022; 39(2): 1. CrossRef
Factors Related to Changes of Daily Life during COVID-19
Kyungjin Min, Pilhan Yun, Sangshin Park
Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2022; 47(4): 297. CrossRef
Dietary Behavior and Diet Quality in the Korean Adult Population by Income Level before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic: Using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019-2020)
Hye-Min Na, Bok-Mi Jung
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2022; 33(3): 397. CrossRef

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[English]
Vegetable and Nut Food Groups are Inversely Associated with Hearing Loss- a Cross-sectional Study from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Sunghee Lee, Jae Yeon Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(6):512-519. Published online December 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.6.512

Abstract PDF: Objectives
A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the associations between food groups and hearing loss. Methods: Data of 1,312 individuals were used from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013. Hearing loss was determined with a pure tone average (PTA) of greater than 25 dB in either ear. The PTA was measured as the average hearing threshold at speech frequencies of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz. The dietary intake was examined with a food frequency questionnaire with 112 food items. The food items were classified into 25 food groups. A weighted logistic regression was used to investigate the association. Results: Individuals in the highest tertile of vegetables and nuts food groups were less likely to have hearing loss than those in the lowest tertile [Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.58 (95% Confidence interval (CI) 0.38-0.91), P = 0.019; OR = 0.59 (95% CI 0.39-0.90), P = 0.020, respectively], after adjusting for confounding variables of age, sex, body mass index, drinking, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and physical activity. Conclusions: In this cross-sectional study, we observed that high intake of vegetables and nuts food groups revealed significant inverse associations with hearing loss, after adjusting for confounding variables among 1,312 participants.

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[English]
Biochemical Characteristics and Dietary Intake according to the Frequency of Milk Consumption in Korean Adolescents: Data from the 2010~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Ji Hyun Kim, Sook-Bae Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(6):485-501. Published online December 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.6.485

Abstract PDF

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to examine the biochemical characteristics and dietary intake of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years according to the frequency of milk consumption. Methods: Data from the 2010~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used for the study. The study examined adolescents’ (12~18 years) demographic characteristics (house income level, residence region, skipping or not-skipping of breakfast/lunch/dinner, eatingout frequency), anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, weight status), biochemical characteristics (fasting plasma glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatine, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, hemoglobin, hematocrit) and nutrient intakes through quantitative and qualitative evaluation using the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRI), index of nutrition quality (INQ), nutrition adequacy ratio (NAR) of 3 groups (< 1/week, 1~6/week, 1/day) according to the frequency of milk consumption. Results: There were significant differences in gender and income levels among the 3 groups. There were no differences in height, weight, and weight status among groups. There were differences in biochemical characteristics and nutrient intake. In boys, there were differences in the mean of BUN and HDL-cholesterol, in quantitative intakes of riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus, potassium by KDRI levels, in qualitative intakes of riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by INQ and riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by NAR among 3 groups. In girls, there were differences in the mean of blood urea nitrogen, creatine, HDL-cholesterol, in quantitative intakes of protein, riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by KDRI levels, in qualitative intakes of riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by INQ and riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by NAR among the 3 groups. Conclusions: In Korean adolescents, boys had a higher frequency of milk consumption than girls, and higher the income level, higher the frequency of milk consumption. Consumption of milk appeared to have a positive association with triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and indices related to muscle mass. Regular consumption of milk is an important factor in enhancing the intake of riboflavin, calcium, and phosphorus, which adolescents lack. The results of the study indicate a need to prepare an environment and education program to increase milk consumption in adolescents at home and school.

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Changes in Nutritional Status Through Low-Lactose Processed Milk Consumption in Korean Adults With Lactose Intolerance
Dong Hoon Jung, Gi Moon Nam, Chang Kyun Lee, Chul hong Kim, Hyun-San Lim, Ji Yeon Lee, Hee-Sook Lim
Clinical Nutrition Research.2025; 14(1): 30. CrossRef
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So Yoon Choi, Yoowon Kwon, Yoo Min Lee, In Hyuk Yoo, Tae Hyeong Kim, You Jin Choi, Su Jin Jeong
Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition.2025; 28(4): 256. CrossRef
Biochemical characteristics, nutrient intakes, and chronic disease risk according to the dietary fat energy ratio in middle-aged Korean: a cross-sectional study using data from the 7th (2016–2018) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Ga-Hyeon Jeong, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(6): 528. CrossRef
Biochemical Characteristics and Dietary Intake according to Household Income Levels of Korean Adolescents: Using Data from the 6th (2013 ~ 2015) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Yu-Kyeong Kwon, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(6): 467. CrossRef

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[English]
Evaluation of Nutritional Status of Vitamins and Minerals According to Consumption of Dietary Supplements in Korean Adults and the Elderly: Report Based on 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data: Ji-Myung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(4):329-339. Published online August 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.4.329

Abstract PDF

Objective
This study was undertaken to evaluate the intake of vitamins and minerals from dietary supplements (DSs) in Korean adults and elderly.
Methods
Data for this study was generated from the 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). We analyzed 4,204 individuals aged 19 years and older (2,579 users and 1,625 non-users). The survey included 24-h recall questions on food and DS intakes, as well as questions on DS use over the past year. The nutrient DSs evaluated were calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C. Total nutrient intakes were obtained by combining nutrient intakes of foods and DSs consumed by each subject.
Results
Most micronutrient intakes from food (except for thiamin) in adult users, and the four micronutrient intakes (iron, vitamin A, vitamin B₂ and vitamin C) in elderly users, were significantly higher than values obtained in non-users. For total intake of nutrients and DSs, both adult and elderly users had a significantly higher intake than non-users. While proportions below Estimated Average Requirements for all micronutrients by adding respective DSs in users were significantly reduced in adults and elderly as compared to non-users, the proportions of above Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for calcium and vitamin A in adults, and vitamin A in elderly, were significantly increased. In the total subjects examined, consumption of DSs was associated with lower odds ratios of undernutrition of micronutrients, and with higher odds ratios of overnutrition of calcium, iron, and vitamin A, as compared to non-users of DSs.
Conclusions
Although DSs consumption by adults and the elderly improves the micronutrient status, it also increases the risk of excessive intake of certain vitamins and minerals.

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Relationship between self-care and health-related behaviors among Korean adults: a cross-sectional study
EunJung Lee, Jin A Jang, Ji-Myung Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(2): 103. CrossRef
Folate intake in Korean adults: analysis of the 2016–2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with newly established folate database
Eun-Ji Park, Inhwa Han, Kyoung Hye Yu, Sun Yung Ly
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(4): 418. CrossRef
Effect of Dietary Supplements on Vitamin and Mineral Intake Among Koreans: Data From the 2018-2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Moon Yeong Hwang, Jiyoun Hong
Food Supplements and Biomaterials for Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Estimated dietary vitamin D intake and major vitamin D food sources of Koreans: based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019
Ki Nam Kim, Jung-Sug Lee, Jee-Seon Shim, Mi Ock Yoon, Hyun Sook Lee
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Jinkyung Choi
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(6): 468. CrossRef

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[English]
Effect of Nutrition Counseling by Nutrition Care Process on Diet Therapy Practice and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Tae-Jeong Bae, Na-Eun Jeon, Soo-Kyong Choi, Jung-Sook Seo; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(3):214-225. Published online June 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.3.214

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study examined the effects of nutrition counseling by the nutrition care process (NCP) on diet therapy practice and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods
The survey was conducted on 49 patients whose hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level ranged from 6.5% to below 10% among patients aged 30∼60s with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrition counseling by the NCP process was carried out twice: first nutrition counseling and follow up counseling. The questionnaires were composed of 54 questions in five fields (general characteristics, health-related behaviors, diet therapyrelated items, dietary life, diet therapy-related knowledge, diet therapy-related barriers). Nutrition intervention in nutrition counseling was performed based on the individualized diagnosis of NCP.
Results
All the subjects practiced self-monitoring of their blood glucose levels, regular exercise, and diet therapy after NCP-based nutrition counseling. Diet therapy-related knowledge and practice by the subjects were improved after nutrition counseling. While the intake of boiled white rice decreased, the intake of boiled brown rice and barley rice in the subjects increased significantly. After nutrition counseling, the weight and HbA1c of the subjects decreased.
Conclusions
These results suggest that personalized nutrition counseling by NCP process is effective for diet therapy compliance and glycemic control of type 2 diabetic patients.

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Kyoung-Min Lee, Woo-jeong Kim, So-young Kim, Young-mi Park, Hwa-young Yoon, Min-Sun Jeon
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Dijana Stantić-Romić, Hajnalka Požar, Sanja Šumonja
Sestrinska rec.2023; 26(86): 17. CrossRef
The association between nutrition label utilization and disease management education among hypertension or diabetes diagnosed in Korea using 2018 Community Health Survey: a cross-sectional study
Miran Jin, Jayeun Kim, Kyuhyun Yoon
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(1): 38. CrossRef

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Original Articles

[English]
Comparison of 24-hour Recalls with a Food Frequency Questionnaire in Assessing Coffee Consumption: The Health Examinees (HEXA) Study: An Na Kim, Jiyoung Youn, Hyun Jeong Cho, Taiyue Jin, Sangah Shin, Jung Eun Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(1):48-60. Published online February 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.1.48

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Most cohort studies used food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) to evaluate coffee consumption as it assesses habitual dietary patterns, whereas some studies have used the 24-hour recalls (24HR) as it elicits in-depth description of foods and the amount eaten. The aim of this study was to compare FFQs and 24HR to assess the consumption of various types of coffee.
METHODS
We included 25,904 participants aged 40 years or older from the Health Examinees (HEXA) Study of the Korean Genome and Epidemiologic Study (KoGES). Each participant completed one FFQ and one-day (n=11,280) or two-day 24HR (n=14,624). We classified coffee types into: black coffee, coffee with sugar and cream, and coffee with sugar alone or cream alone. We compared the proportions of nondrinkers, black coffee, and coffee with sugar and cream through FFQ and 24HR.
RESULTS
Among those who completed one FFQ and one-day 24HR, 39.4% of â€œnondrinkersâ€ on one-day 24HR reported that they did not drink coffee on their FFQs. Whereas among those who complete two-day 24HR, 71.2% of â€œnondrinkersâ€ on two-day 24HR said that they did not drink coffee on their FFQs. Among those who completed one FFQ and oneday 24HR, 58.3% marked â€œblack coffeeâ€ on one-day 24HR said that they drank black coffee on their FFQs. Among those who complete two-day 24HR, 58.8% marked â€œblack coffeeâ€ on two-day 24HR said that they drank black coffee on their FFQs. The kappa coefficients and percent agreements were 0.4 and 59.6%, respectively, for the comparison of coffee intake between FFQ and one-day 24HR, and 0.6 and 72.8%, respectively, for the comparison of coffee intake between FFQ and two-day 24HR.
CONCLUSIONS
We found discrepancies between FFQs and 24HR in the types of coffee consumed. Such limitations should be considered when using the 24HR data to examine the effect of coffee consumption on disease development.

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Research Trends and Future Perspectives on Epigenetic Regulation of Food-derived Components for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases
Seon Kyeong Park, Jin-Taek Hwang
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2025; 54(4): 301. CrossRef
Association Between Instant Coffee Consumption and the Development of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Results From a Community-Based Prospective Cohort
Moon-Kyung Shin, Kyoung-Nam Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Genetic variation rs1121980 in the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) is associated with dietary intake in Koreans
Young Goh, Jeong-Hwa Choi
Food & Nutrition Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Coffee Consumption and the Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in the Korean Population
Seong-Ah Kim, Li-Juan Tan, Sangah Shin
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.2021; 121(11): 2221. CrossRef

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[English]
Effects of Low-carbohydrate and High-fat Diet Supplemented with Ketogenic Drink on Cognitive Function and Physical Performance in the Elderly at High Risk for Dementia: Eun Ji Kim, Jung Sik Park, Won Sun Choi, Yoo Kyoung Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(6):525-534. Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.6.525

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Reduced glucose utilization in the main parts of the brain involved in memory is a major cause of Alzheimer's disease, in which ketone bodies are used as the only and effective alternative energy source of glucose. This study examined the effects of a low-carbohydrate and high-fat (LCHF) diet supplemented with a ketogenic nutrition drink on cognitive function and physical activity in the elderly at high risk for dementia.
METHODS
The participants of this study were 28 healthy elderly aged 60-91 years showing a high risk factor of dementia or whose Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) score was less than 24 points. Over 3 weeks, the case group was given an LCHF diet with nutrition drinks consisting of a ketone/non-ketone ratio of 1.73:1, whereas the control group consumed well-balanced nutrition drinks while maintaining a normal diet. After 3 weeks, K-MMSE, body composition, urine ketone bodies, and physical ability were all evaluated.
RESULTS
Urine ketone bodies of all case group subjects were positive, and K-MMSE score was significantly elevated in the case group only (p=0.021). Weight and BMI were elevated in the control group only (p<0.05). Grip strength was elevated in all subjects (p<0.01), and measurements of gait speed and one leg balance were improved only in the case group (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
We suggest that adherence to the LCHF diet supplemented with a ketogenic drink could possibly influence cognitive and physical function in the elderly with a high risk factor for dementia. Further, we confirmed the applicability of this dietary intervention in the elderly based on its lack of any side effects or changes in nutritional status.

Citations

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To Keto or Not to Keto? A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials Assessing the Effects of Ketogenic Therapy on Alzheimer Disease
Maria G Grammatikopoulou, Dimitrios G Goulis, Konstantinos Gkiouras, Xenophon Theodoridis, Kalliopi K Gkouskou, Athanasios Evangeliou, Efthimis Dardiotis, Dimitrios P Bogdanos
Advances in Nutrition.2020; 11(6): 1583. CrossRef

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[English]
Home Meal Replacement Use and Eating Habits of Adults in One-Person Households: Mi Kyeong Choi, Eun Sun Park, Mi Hyun Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(6):476-484. Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.6.476

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The rise of one-person households may have consequences for food consumption patterns, and eating habits. This study investigated the home meal replacement (HMR) use and eating habits among adults in their 20s-30s living in one-person households.
METHODS
A total of 247 adults aged 26â€“39 years participated in this study. The subjects were divided into three group according to the household type; one-person households (n=80), two-person households (n=49), and multi-family (three and more members) households (n=118). Their use of HMRs (classified as ready-to-eat, ready-to-cook, and fresh convenience foods) and their eating habits were all compared.
RESULTS
The mean age of the subjects was 30.5 years, 47.8% were male, and there was no significant difference in age, gender, occupation, and monthly income according to the type of household. The intake frequency of total HMR and ready-to-eat foods was significantly higher in one-person households among the three groups. People in one-person households consumed more HMRs alone, and spent more money to buy HMRs. Undesirable dietary habit scores like unbalanced eating (p<0.05) and eating salty foods (p<0.05) were significantly higher in the one-person households. Among the total subjects, the unbalanced eating scores showed a significant positive correlation with the intake frequency of ready-toeat foods, while the unbalanced eating scores showed negative correlation with the preference of fresh convenience foods. The scores for eating salty foods showed a significant positive correlation with the intake frequency and preference of ready-to-eat foods and ready-to-cook foods, while there was negative correlation with the intake frequency and preference of fresh convenience foods.
CONCLUSIONS
Adults in their 20sâ€“30s in one-person households consumed more ready-to-eat foods than those in multi-family households. In addition, people with one-person households had more unbalanced diets and ate more salty foods, and these undesirable eating habits showed a significant positive correlation with the use of ready-to-eat or ready-to-cook foods. These results should be addressed for producing healthier ready-to-eat/ready-to-cook foods and implementing nutrition education for making healthy food choices of one-person households, which are steadily increasing.

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So-Yun Kim, Youngmin Nam, Jong-Youn Rha, Haerang Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(1): 27. CrossRef
Application of a living lab model to an evidence-based reduced-sodium healthy eating practice program in Korea: a pre-post study
Jung-Hyun Kim, Eugene Shim, Min Sook Kyung, Sooyoun Kwon, Hyoung su Park, Jae-Heon Kang
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(1): 53. CrossRef
Dietary status and the relationship between dietary competencies, cooking skills, and nutrition quotient of middle-aged adults living alone in Korea
Sooyoun Kwon, Youngmi Lee, Yun-Jung Bae
Nutrition Research and Practice.2025; 19(2): 257. CrossRef
Maternal home meal replacement use and attitudes, and young children’s preferences by usage frequency in meals for young children: a cross-sectional study
Bo-Yeon Kim, Mi-Hyun Kim, Jee-Young Yeon
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(2): 163. CrossRef
Comparative study on eating habits and health of single-person and multi-person households
Haerang Lee, Seon-Jip Kim, Minji Kang, Mi-So Shim
PLOS One.2025; 20(7): e0327763. CrossRef
Eating behaviors, home meal replacement consumption, and nutrition quotient: a comparative study of male shift and non-shift workers in Chungcheong, Korea
Yeon Jin Lee, Munkyong Pae
Nutrition Research and Practice.2025; 19(5): 758. CrossRef
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Jae-Hyuk Lee, Gi-Seong Moon
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The frequency of convenience food consumption and attitude of sodium and sugar reduction among middle and high school students in Seoul: a descriptive study
Seoyeon Park, Yeonhee Shin, Seoyeon Lee, Heejung Park
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(4): 269. CrossRef
Problems Encountered in Analyzing the Market Size, Purchase, and Consumption of HMR in the Republic of Korea
Sung Ok Kwon, Injoo Choi, Yoojeong Joo, Jihyun Yoon
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(6): 480. CrossRef
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Gi-Un Seong, Yu Mi Kim, Jun-Hyeon Cho, Ji-Yoon Lee, Sais-Beul Lee, Dongjin Shin, Dong-Soo Park, Kwang-Sup Youn, Ju-Won Kang
Korean Journal of Food Preservation.2022; 29(5): 715. CrossRef
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Kyung Won Lee, Dayeon Shin
Healthcare.2021; 9(9): 1116. CrossRef
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Seung-Hee Hong, Ji-Myung Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(5): 337. CrossRef
Analysis of Contamination of Total Aerobic Bacteria and Foodborne Pathogens in Home Meal Replacement (HMR) and the Importance of Food Hygiene Management
Hyun Jin Cho, Jeeyeon Lee
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A Reum Han, Sung Suk Chung, Jeong Ok Rho
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Family and Environment Research.2020; 58(4): 483. CrossRef

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[English]
Dietary and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Weight Status among Korean Adolescents from Multicultural Families: Using Data from the 2017–2018 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Surveys: SuJin Song, Hyojune Song; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(6):465-475. Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.6.465

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study investigated dietary and lifestyle factors associated with the weight status among Korean adolescents in multicultural families.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study analyzed 1,751 multicultural families' adolescents who participated in the 2017â€“2018 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Surveys. Information on dietary and lifestyle factors was self-reported using a web-based questionnaire and this information included breakfast and foods consumption, perceived health status, alcohol drinking, smoking, physical activity, and weight control efforts. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated based on the self-reported height and body weight (kg/mÂ²). Weight status was assessed according to the 2017 Korean National Growth Chart: underweight (weight-for-age <5(th) percentiles), overweight (85(th)â‰¤ BMI-for-age <95(th) percentiles), and obese (BMI-for-age â‰¥95(th) percentiles). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the dietary and lifestyle factors associated with weight status after adjustment for covariates.
RESULTS
Among Korean adolescents from multicultural families, the prevalence of overweight/obesity was 20.9%, whereas about 7% of adolescents were underweight. The weight status did not show differences according to gender, school level, area of residence, and household income. Compared to adolescents who did not have breakfast during the previous week, those who had breakfast 3â€“4 days/week and â‰¥5 days/week had a 42% (p=0.021) and a 37% (p=0.009) lower prevalence of overweight/obesity, respectively. The adolescents who frequently consumed carbonated soft drinks (â‰¥5 times/week) showed an odds ratio (OR) of 1.69 (95% CI=1.01â€“2.83) for overweight/obesity relative to those adolescents who did not consume carbonated soft drinks. The OR of being underweight for adolescents who ate fast food â‰¥3 times/week was 1.97 (95% CI=1.04â€“3.71) compared to those adolescents who had not eaten fast food during the previous week.
CONCLUSIONS
Dietary and lifestyle factors were associated with overweight/obesity as well as underweight among Korean adolescents in multicultural families. Our findings could be used to design and provide nutrition interventions for this specific population.

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Prevalence of Malnutrition and Obesity Among Children and Adolescents From Immigrant Families Living in Korea
Seong-Woo Choi, So-Yeong Kim, Kyung-Ae Park
Journal of Korean Maternal and Child Health.2025; 29(1): 29. CrossRef
Fruit Consumption and Mental Health in Adolescents from Multicultural and Non-multicultural Families: Data from Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web Based Survey 2021
Soohyun Kim, Jeong-Hwa Choi, Young-Ran Heo
Human Ecology Research.2025; 63(2): 175. CrossRef
Identification of important features in overweight and obesity among Korean adolescents using machine learning
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Dietary Behaviors Associated with Health Perception of Korean Adolescents from Multicultural Families: based on data from the 2017 ~ 2019 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Surveys
YueRong Hu, SuJin Song
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(3): 192. CrossRef
Effects of heavy metal, vitamin, and curry consumption on metabolic syndrome during menopause: a Korean community-based cross-sectional study
Hai Duc Nguyen, Min-Sun Kim
Menopause.2021; 28(8): 949. CrossRef
Association between levels of thiamine intake, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and depression in Korea: a national cross-sectional study
Hai Nguyen Duc, Hojin Oh, In Mo Yoon, Min-Sun Kim
Journal of Nutritional Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of Antioxidant Vitamins, Curry Consumption, and Heavy Metal Levels on Metabolic Syndrome with Comorbidities: A Korean Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Hai Nguyen Duc, Hojin Oh, Min-Sun Kim
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Study on the Dietary Behavior of Adolescents in Multicultural Families Using the Nutrition Quotient and Their Changes in the Nutrition Knowledge and the Dietary Attitudes after Nutrition Education
Yoo-Jin Jung, Sung Hee Min, Min June Lee
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2020; 30(3): 208. CrossRef

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[English]
Relationship between Dietary Behaviors and Life Stress of Middle School Students in Gyeonggi Area: Kyung Ae Park, Myoung Sook Lee, Kyung Hee Song; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(5):384-394. Published online October 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.5.384

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The study was performed to examine the dietary behaviors and life stress of middle school students in the Gyeonggi area.
METHODS
A total of 580 middle school students (295males, 285 females) in the Gyeonggi area participated in the study between July and August in 2011. The study was a questionnaire-based survey that included dietary habits, dietary behaviors, and life stress.
RESULTS
For dietary habits, the score for drinking milk was higher in male students than in female students, whereas the score for eating fruits was higher in female students compared to male students. There were significant differences in foods eaten and preferred under stress between male and female students. Male students showed significantly less changes in the number of meals, amount of meal intake, number of snacks, snack intake, frequency of overeating, and appetite during stress than female students. Life stress score of students largely came from academic factors, and female students showed higher stress levels in personal and surrounding environment factors than male students. Life stress score was significantly lower in students with high and moderate levels of dietary habits than in students with a low level of dietary habits. Total score for dietary habits and scores for eating adequate amounts of foods for each meal, considering a combination of food groups at each meal and eating green and orange vegetables, were significantly negatively correlated with life stress score. Life stress score was significantly negatively correlated with meal regularity and positively with the level of overeating.
CONCLUSIONS
This study may provide basic information on dietary habits and life stress according to gender and the relationship between dietary behaviors and life stress of middle school students, and it suggests gender-based nutrition education programs to solve undesirable dietary habits and dietary behaviors in students with higher stress.

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Study on the Eating Out Behavior and the Status of Meal Delivery and Take-Out Consumption according to the Food-related Lifestyles of Adolescents : Using the Consumption Behavior Survey for Food in 2020
Eun Jung Lee, Hyeon Min Yang, Yeong Ju Lee, Sun A Choi, Jeong Ok Rho
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2024; 34(4): 284. CrossRef
Life stress, dietary attitudes, and frequency of snack intake for college students in Seoul and Gyeonggi area: the difference between male and female students
Hyun Seung Oh, Yu bin Kim, Soyoung Park, Kyunghee Song
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(1): 91. CrossRef

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[English]
Comparison Analysis of Dietary Behavior and Nutrient Intakes of the Elderly according to Their Family Status: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2016: Ji Hong Oh, Bok Mi Jung; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(4):309-320. Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.4.309

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was undertaken to compare dietary life of the elderly living alone and in a family, and to compare differences based on gender, for the 2013-2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).
METHODS
The subjects included 2,612 elderly people aged over 65 years who participated in the health survey, health examination and nutrition survey. Subjects on a diet therapy were excluded. This study analyzed the general characteristics, dietary habits, daily energy and nutrient intakes, CPF ratio, estimated average requirement (EAR), nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR), index of nutrient quality (INQ), and food consumption of the elderly living alone and in a family. We also compared the differences based on gender.
RESULTS
Daily intake of food, water, dietary fiber, potassium, retinol, and riboflavin were low in the male elderly subjects living alone. The elderly living with family revealed higher NAR and MAR as compared to the elderly living alone. Although all MAR values were <1, the elderly living alone had lower values. Considering the intake of food, the consumption of seaweed, fish and shellfish, and oils (animal) was higher in elderly men living with families, whereas women living with families consumed more vegetables, fruits, seaweeds and seafood, as compared to their counterparts living alone. Furthermore, analyzing the foods consumed by the elderly people living alone, female subjects consumed more seaweed, milk and animal oil as compared to male subjects.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study indicate that the elderly living alone have poor nutrient intake as compared to the elderly living with families. Based on this research data, we recommend that it is necessary to improve the health and nutritional status of the elderly living alone.

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Food insecurity and its associated characteristics of the elderly in Seoul: analysis of the data from the Seoul Food Survey 2023
Hyunjeong Park, Youngmin Nam, Linxi Huang, Youngmi Lee, Jihyun Yoon
Nutrition Research and Practice.2025; 19(1): 117. CrossRef
Profiling the socioeconomic characteristics, dietary intake, and health status of Korean older adults for nutrition plan customization: a comparison of principal component, factor, and cluster analyses
Kyungsook Woo, Kirang Kim
Epidemiology and Health.2024; 46: e2024043. CrossRef
Evaluation on the Nutrition Quotient Scores of Elderly People Living Alone in Korea
Gyoungok Gang, Min Lee, Eun-hui Choi, Hye-Lim Lee, Hyun-Young Lee, Hye-Ja Chang, Jung-Hwa Choi, Na-Young Yi, Kyung-Eun Lee, Min-Jae Chung, Tong-Kyung Kwak
Nutrients.2023; 15(17): 3750. CrossRef
Changes in nutritional status of Korean older adults during COVID-19 Pandemic by household income and demographic factors-using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(2019-2020): a cross-sectional study
You-Sin Lee, Yoonna Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(4): 302. CrossRef
Comparison of the Nutrient Intake and Health Status of Elderly Koreans According to their BMI Status: Focus on the Underweight Elderly Population
You-Sin Lee, Yoonna Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(5): 422. CrossRef
Comparison of the health and nutritional status of Korean elderly considering the household income level, using the 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Jin Mo Khil
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(1): 39. CrossRef
Social participation, health‐related behavior, and depression of older adults living alone in Korea
Seojin Won, Hyemee Kim
Asian Social Work and Policy Review.2020; 14(1): 61. CrossRef
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Sun-Wook Ham, Kyung-Hee Kim
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Na-Gyeong Oh, Jung-Sook Seo
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[English]
Dietary Life, Vitamin D Status and Blood Clinical Indices of University Laboratory Workers: Jung Hyun Hwang, Hong Mie Lee, Jung Hee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(3):245-256. Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.3.245

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
Although the number of laboratory workers is constantly increasing every year, few studies have been conducted on the health and nutritional status of these research workers. This study determined the health status of laboratory workers by analyzing their anthropometric indices, dietary life, vitamin D status and blood clinical indices.
METHODS
The subjects consisted of 100 female laboratory workers. This study investigated their diet, anthropometric indices, vitamin D status and blood clinical indices. The subjects were divided into two groups according to their duration of working in a laboratory (<1 year,â‰¥1 year).
RESULTS
The average age and body mass index (BMI) of subjects were 23.18 years and 21.51 kg/m2, respectively Those subjects with over 1 year employment (â‰¥1 year) had a significantly higher waist-hip ratio than that of the subjects with the less than 1 year employment (<1 year). The mean serum vitamin D level of all the subjects was 10.04 ng/mL, which is close to a level of vitamin D deficiency. There was a significantly higher average intake of calories in the over 1 year employment group as compared to that of the less than 1 year employment group. The frequency of eating sweet snacks was significantly higher for the over 1 year employment group. The correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between the serum 25-(OH)-vitamin D level and the time of exposure to sunlight, while dietary intake of vitamin D did not show correlation with the serum 25-(OH)-vitamin D level. However, the serum 25-(OH)-vitamin D level was also negatively correlated with both the percentage of body fat and visceral fat.
CONCLUSIONS
Laboratory workers are a very high risk group in terms of their nutritional status of vitamin D. Therefore, they need greater time of exposure to sunlight as well as increasing their dietary consumption of vitamin D. In addition, it is important for laboratory worker to practice regular and balanced dietary habits in order to maintain a healthy life.

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[English]
Evaluation of the Nutrition Status and Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence of the Members according to the Number of Household Members based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2014): Jin Young Lee, Soo Kyong Choi, Jung Sook Seo; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(3):232-244. Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.3.232

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study evaluated the nutritional status and prevalence of metabolic syndrome of the people who participated in the KNHANES according to the number of household members. They were assessed by using information from the 2013~2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).
METHODS
A total of 6,088 persons aged 19 years and over participated in 2013~2014 KNHANES, and they were classified into three groups according to the number of household members (single-person, two-person, three-person & over). The dietary behavior, nutritional status, health-related factors and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome of the subjects were investigated with using information from the survey questionnaires of KNHANES. The nutrient intake data of the subjects were obtained by the 24-hour recall method and this was analyzed for evaluating the nutrition adequacy ratio and the index of nutritional quality. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the subjects, and according to the study groups, was estimated using the blood and physical measurement data of the subjects.
RESULTS
As for EQ-5D index available for all the health states generated by the EQ-5D descriptive system, the single-person household member was the lowest among all the household types. The index of nutrition quality for protein, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, riboflavin and vitamin C in the single-person household was lower than that of the two-person or the three-person and over households (p<0.001). The mean adequacy ratio of single-person households was significantly decreased compared with that of the other types of households (p<0.001). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in the single-person households than that in the multiple-person households (p<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
These results showed that dietary behaviors, nutrition status and health status might be influenced by the number of household members. The results from this study would be useful for improving Korean people's dietary life and health status by implementing evidence-based, specialized intervention for the members of diverse types of households.

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Jin-Ah Jung, Hye-Won Cheon, On-Ju Ju
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Association of Household Income Level with Vitamin and Mineral Intake
Haegyu Oh, Juyeon Kim, Yune Huh, Seung Hoon Kim, Sung-In Jang
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Nutritional status and metabolic syndrome risk according to the dietary pattern of adult single-person household, based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Yu Been Keum, Qi Ming Yu, Jung-Sook Seo
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Comparison of Dietary Behavior of Eating Alone in Single Households by Status of Workers and Age
Pil Kyoo Jo, Yu Jin Oh
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(5): 408. CrossRef

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[English]
Study on Middle and High School Students' Use of Convenience Foods at Convenience Stores in Incheon: Seul Ki Lee, Mi Kyeong Choi, Mi Hyun Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(2):137-151. Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.2.137

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The rapidly changing dietary environment requires a study that addresses the status of middle and high school students regarding their consumption of convenience food sold at convenience stores.
METHODS
This study examined adolescents' lifestyle patterns, dietary habits, and status of consuming convenience food at convenience stores. A total of 659 students (329 middle school students and 330 high school students) in Incheon participated in this questionnaire survey.
RESULTS
The mean age of the subjects was 13.7 years for the middle school students, and 16.6 years for the high school students. The gender and grade distributions in the middle and high school students were similar. The middle school students reported that they spent more time using electronic devices (p<0.001) or watching TV (p<0.001) than high school students. More than 60% of middle and high school students consumed convenience food at convenience stores without statistical difference between the two groups. The main reason for consuming convenience food from convenience stores was its convenience followed by taste in both groups. Despite the high frequency of consuming convenience food, the students rarely checked the nutrition labels at the time of purchase. On the other hand, they were still most concerned about the nutritional value of the convenience foods when they consumed convenience foods. The most frequently consumed convenience food was ramyon in both groups. Significant positive correlations were observed between the frequency of consuming convenience food at convenience stores and lifestyle factors for the middle school students, including monthly allowance, time for using electronic devices, and number of private lessons. For the high school students, however, the only monthly allowance had a significant positive correlation with the consumption.
CONCLUSIONS
Adolescents are increasingly exposed to convenience foods and relevant nutritional issues are a concern. Therefore, a dietary environment that is adequately formed for the healthy development of youth as well as systematic nutrient education that is appropriately designed for both middle and high school students is required.

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Eun Jung Lee, Hyeon Min Yang, Yeong Ju Lee, Sun A Choi, Jeong Ok Rho
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The frequency of convenience food consumption and attitude of sodium and sugar reduction among middle and high school students in Seoul: a descriptive study
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Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(4): 269. CrossRef
Determination of the migration of plastic additives and non-intentionally added substances into food simulants and the assessment of health risks from convenience food packaging
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Convenience Store Use and the Health of Urban Adolescents in Seoul, South Korea
Nan-He Yoon, Changwoo Shon
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Association between frequency of convenience foods use at convenience stores and dietary quality among high school students in Incheon
Eun-Mi Kim, Mi-Kyeong Choi, Mi-Hyun Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(4): 383. CrossRef

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[English]
Daily Water Consumption and its Contribution to Calcium Intake in Korean Adults: Eun Sun Park, Yeon Kyung Lee, Mi Hyun Kim, Mi Kyeong Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(1):18-23. Published online February 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.1.18

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Although water is essential for life and can supply essential minerals, studies that evaluate calcium intake through drinking water are limited. The aim of this study was to assess calcium contents of natural mineral water (NMW) and its possible contribution to calcium intake in healthy adults.
METHODS
This study examined water consumption in 640 Korean adults with selfselected diet, analyzed the calcium content of 10 different brands of bottled NMWs sold in Korea, and assessed the amount of calcium intake from drinking water and its daily contribution to the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of calcium.
RESULTS
Mean calcium content in 10 bottled NMWs was 20.9 mg/l. Daily water intakes from food composition database and calculated using energy intake based on 0.53 ml/kcal were 957.2 ml and 1109.8 ml for men and 848.3 ml and 951.6 ml for women, respectively, with a significant difference by gender (p < 0.001). Daily drinking water intake was significantly higher among men than women (1203.9 ml vs. 1004.3 ml, respectively, p < 0.001). Daily calcium intakes from foods were 564.0 mg for men and 534.2 mg for women. Daily possible calcium intakes from drinking bottled water were 25.2 mg for men and 21.0 mg for women (p < 0.001). The contribution of daily calcium intake from drinking bottled water to RNI of calcium was 3.3% for men and 2.9% for women without significant difference.
CONCLUSIONS
One half of the daily total water intake was consumed as drinking water, and possible calcium intake through drinking water was about 3% of RNI.

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Assessing contribution of bottled water in nutrient absorption using the bottled water nutritional quality index (BWNQI) in Iran
Masoomeh Askari, Reza Saeedi, Ramin Nabizadeh, Ahmad Zarei, Maryam Ghani, Marzieh Ehsani, Mahmood Alimohammadi, Mehrnoosh Abtahi
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Environmental Research.2021; 198: 110473. CrossRef

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[English]
Analysis of the Difference in Nutrients Intake, Dietary Behaviors and Food Intake Frequency of Single- and Non Single-Person Households: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2014–2016: Na Yeon Kang, Bok Mi Jung; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(1):1-17. Published online February 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.1.1

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to compare the dietary life of single- and non single-person households in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).
METHODS
A nationally representative sample of 20,421 19-64-year-olds who had 24-hour recall data was taken from the 2014-2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Single- and non single-persons were compared for nutrient intake, dietary behaviors, food consumption patterns, nutrition education and confirm nutrition label.
RESULTS
The dietary intakes of dietary fiber and iron were lower in single-person households than in non single-person households. The lower the level of education and income, the lower the nutrient intake of single-person households. In the case of those aged 19 to 29, the breakfast skipping rate was higher in single-person households than in non single-person households. The higher the education level, the higher the breakfast skipping rate and the eating out frequency in the single-person households. In the food intake survey, the frequency of healthy food intake in single-person households was much lower than that of non single-person households. The confirmation rate of nutrition labeling was lower in single-person households than in non single-person households.
CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that single-person households have poorer health-nutritional behaviors than multi-person households. Therefore, a nutrition education program based on the data of this study needs to be developed for health promotion of single-person households.

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Dietary Behaviors and Health Status by Income Level in Single-Adult Households in Korea: An Analysis of Data From the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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[English]
Milk Intake Patterns with Lactose and Milk Fat in Korean Male Adults: Jung Hyun Kim, Min Sook Kyung, Sung Hee Min, Myung Hee Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(6):488-495. Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.6.488

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study examined the milk intake patterns with lactose and milk fat in Korean male adults using the following variables: milk intake level, awareness of lactose, and milk fat, health problems, and necessity of milk intake. In addition, the factors affecting milk intake were analyzed by multiple regression analysis.
METHODS
The subjects were 532 males aged 20 years or older among the nationwide milk purchasing group. The subjects were 223 (41.9%) in the 20â€“29 year age group, 188 (35.3%) in the 30â€“49 year age group and 121(22.7%) in the over 50 year age group. The survey was conducted using ANOVA and multiple comparative analysis to examine the differences in age and multiple regression analysis was performed to investigate the factors affecting the intake of milk.
RESULTS
The intake of milk in the subjects was 538.14 Â± 494.23 ml per week. There were statistically significant differences in the subjects' age according to processed milk, low fat, nonfat milk, cheese, and ice cream. The perception of milk and lactose and milk fat was recognized as a good food for skeletal health when milk was consumed. Among the milk nutrients, lactose was highly recognized at the age of 20â€“29, and milk fat was recognized in those over 50 years. In addition to lactose and milk fat, calcium was the most highly recognized among the milk nutrients. Health problems associated with milk were skeletal health, obesity, and lactose intolerance. The perception of lactose intolerance was related to lactose intolerance and fatness, and the dietary behavior was unaffected.
CONCLUSIONS
This study examined the milk intake patterns of adult Korean males. Many variables were found to be related to the intake of milk. In this study, the milk intake was high when there was no problem with the perception and dietary behaviors of milk nutrition (lactose and milk fat). This study focused on lactose and milk fat, which are major nutrients in milk, and it is a new perspective study among milk-related research.

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Association of milk and dairy product consumption with the incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular disease incidence in middle-aged and older Korean adults: a 16-year follow-up of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Yeseung Jeong, Kyung Won Lee, Hyekyeong Kim, Yuri Kim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(6): 1225. CrossRef

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[English]
Consumption of Han-sik and its Association with Socioeconomic Status among Filipino Immigrant Women: the Filipino Women's Diet and Health Study (FiLWHEL): Nayeon Kim, Minji Kang, Grace Abris, Sherlyn Mae P Provido, Hyojee Joung, Sangmo Hong, Sung Hoon Yu, Chang Beom Lee, Jung Eun Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(6):475-487. Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.6.475

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study examined the consumption of Han-sik and its association with the years of residence in Korea and the socioeconomic status among Filipino immigrant women of the Filipino Women's Diet and Health Study (FiLWHEL).
METHODS
A total of 474 Filipino women married to Korean men were included in the analysis. Their dietary intake was assessed using a single-day 24-hour recall. The participants provided information on the demographics, socioeconomic, and health-related factors through face-to-face interviews. The generalized linear model and logistic regression model were used to examine the association between the socioeconomic status and consumption of Han-sik.
RESULTS
The mean age of the participants was 34.3 years old, and the average duration of residence in Korea was 8.2 years. Among 474 Filipino women, a total of 467 consumed Han-sik, with an average of 6.8 food items per day. The Han-sik foods that the participants consumed most frequently were rice, cabbage kimchi, mixed-grain rice, and fried eggs. The average ratio of Han-sik was 58.57%. The ratio of Han-sik showed no significant associations with the years of residence, years of living together with their husband, education levels, total annual family income, or linguistic competence of Korean. However, the ratio of Han-sik use was associated with cohabitation with parents-in-law; the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 2.41 (1.18â€“4.92, p-trend = 0.002) comparing the fourth quartile with the first quartile of the Han-sik ratio.
CONCLUSIONS
Filipino immigrant women in the FiLWHEL study consumed a larger number of Han-sik than Philippine foods. In addition, cohabitation with their parents-in-law was associated with the consumption of Han-sik. Further epidemiologic studies will be needed to determine how the diet affects the health and wellbeing of immigrant women in Korea.

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[English]
Nutrient Composition and Content of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements and Their Appropriateness for Pregnant and Lactating Women in Korea: Young Hee Han, Jeong Hyeon Seo, Gu Rum Shin, Ju Young Shin, Ye Young Jo, Taisun Hyun; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(4):341-351. Published online August 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.4.341

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Use of dietary supplements containing vitamins and minerals is growing in Korean adults, especially in pregnant and lactating women. Vitamin and mineral supplements are available in different composition and in a wide range of contents. The purposes of the study were to examine nutrient composition and content of vitamin and mineral supplements for pregnant and lactating women and assess their appropriateness as dietary supplements.
METHODS
Information on the name, manufacturer, nutrient composition, and usage of vitamin and mineral supplements for pregnant and lactating women were obtained from the homepage of the Food Safety Information Portal managed by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, and Korean Index of Medical Specialties. A total of 264 products were identified.
RESULTS
Among 264 products, 26.1% were single nutrient products, and 73.9% were multinutrient products. The most commonly included nutrient was iron (70.1%), folic acid (66.3%), vitamin B12 (45.8%), vitamin C (38.6%), and vitamin B6 (38.6%). Although more than 50% of products contained nutrients less than 150% of Recommended Nutrient Intakes or Adequate Intakes for daily use, some products contained inappropriately high amounts of nutrients. When a maximum daily dose of supplements was taken as described on the label, iron in 73 products (39.5%), folic acid in 14 products (8.0%) were likely to be consumed in amounts greater than Tolerable Upper Intake Levels. Most products were assessed as inappropriate for pregnant women due to the possibility of excessive intake of vitamins or minerals when compared with Dietary Reference Intakes.
CONCLUSIONS
Pregnant and lactating women need to carefully select dietary supplements containing adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. Nutritionists should provide guidelines regarding selection of appropriate vitamin and mineral supplements for pregnant and lactating women.

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Folate: 2020 Dietary reference intakes and nutritional status of Koreans
Young-Hee Han, Taisun Hyun
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2022; 55(3): 330. CrossRef
Analysis of A and E vitamer profiles in domestic raw and processed seafood consumed in Korea
Ye-Eun Park, Yu-Jeong Gwak, Jeong Kim, YuSen Guan, Won-Ho Hong, Su-Jin Park, Na-Young Yoon, Yeon-Kye Kim, Sang Kuk Han, Jiyeon Chun
Korean Journal of Food Preservation.2021; 28(7): 926. CrossRef

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[English]
Field Application and Evaluation of Health Status Assessment Tool based on Dietary Patterns for Middle-Aged Women: Hye Jin Lee, Kyung Hea Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(4):277-288. Published online August 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.4.277

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to verify the validity and judgment criteria setting of a health status assessment tool based on dietary patterns for middle-aged women.
METHODS
A total of 474 middle-aged women who visited the Comprehensive Medical Examination Center at Hanmaeum Hospital in Changwon were enrolled (IRB 2013-0005). The validity was verified using clinical indicators for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MS), and it was used to set the criteria for the tool. A logistic regression analysis was performed for validation. The area under-receiver operation (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and Youden Index were calculated through ROC curve analysis. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 21, and p value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
RESULTS
The mean score of the group with no MS (73.3 points) was significantly higher compared to the group with MS (65.7 points) (p < 0.001). An analysis of the association between the tool scores and risk of MS showed a 0.15-fold reduction in the risk of MS every time the tool's score increased by one point. As the result of the ROC curve analysis, the assessment reference point was set to 71 points, indicating 77.0% sensitivity and 61.0% specificity. Risk of MS was significantly higher in the group with a score of less than 71.0 than a group with more than 71 points (OR=5.28, p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
This study was the first attempt to develop a health status assessment tool based on the dietary patterns for middle-aged women, and this tool has proven its usefulness as an MS assessment tool through the application of middle-aged women in the field of health screening.

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Association of milk and dairy product consumption with the incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular disease incidence in middle-aged and older Korean adults: a 16-year follow-up of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Yeseung Jeong, Kyung Won Lee, Hyekyeong Kim, Yuri Kim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(6): 1225. CrossRef

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1 Download
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[English]
Relationships between Obesity and Dietary Habits of Preschool Children and Their Parents in Dongducheon Based on the Nutrition Quotient (NQ): Ji Myung Kim, Hye Jeong Song, Young Ji Ahn; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(3):216-225. Published online June 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.3.216

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the associations between obesity and the children's Nutrition Quotient (NQ) and to further examine the relationships between NQ and mini dietary assessment (MDA) of their parents.
METHODS
The subjects were 355 children aged 3 to 5 years and their parents in Dongducheon. We collected parental-reported NQ questionnaires for children and MDA of parents. Anthropometric measurements, height, weight and BMI by BIA were measured in children. Overweight and obesity were determined according to age- and sex-specific BMI percentile from the 2007 Korean national growth chart. Statistical analyses consisted of the chi-squared test, ANOVA, partial correlations and logistic regression analysis adjustments for parents BMI.
RESULTS
Approximately 20.8% of preschool children were classified as overweight or obese. Underweight children showed a significantly higher score for balance than overweight children. The NQ of the children was 61.9 Â± 11.6, and NQ scores and their parents' MDA did not exhibit any significant differences according to degree of obesity. After adjusting for parent's BMI, children's BMI was significantly correlated with balance and moderation among NQ factors. Parent's MDA showed significant correlation with their children's NQ, balance, diversity, moderation, regularity, practice and NQ grade, except for diversity of father. Additionally, NQ grade had a significantly increased (150.1%) odds ratio (OR) of being overweight (95% CI 1.008â€“2.234).
CONCLUSIONS
These results show that NQ for children is influenced by their parents' MDA and BMI. Furthermore, our findings support the association between overweight prevention and improvement of NQ grade among preschool children.

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Seyed Fahim Irandoost, Bahman Bayangani, Tahereh Dehdari, Javad Yousefi Lebni, Nafe Babasfari, Nafiul Mehedi, Mohammad Hosein Taghdisi
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Young Goh, Seong-Woo Choi, So-Yeong Kim, Jeong-Hwa Choi
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Seung-Lim Lee, Sun-Im Won
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Soo-Youn Kim, Sung-Mi Cha
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Jisun Kim, Sukyoung Kang, Seunghee Kye
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Relationship between the Dietary Behavior of Young Children and Their Mothers in Daejeon, Korea Using the Nutrition Quotient for Preschoolers and Adults
InYoung Jeong, SuJin Song
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(1): 12. CrossRef
Evaluation of dietary behavior and investigation of the affecting factors among preschoolers in Busan and Gyeongnam area using nutrition quotient for preschoolers (NQ-P)
Soo-Youn Kim, Sung-Mi Cha
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(6): 596. CrossRef
Assessment of dietary behaviors among preschoolers in Daejeon: using Nutrition Quotient for Preschoolers (NQ-P)
Hye-Jin Lee, Jin Hee Kim, SuJin Song
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(2): 194. CrossRef
Analysis of the types of eating behavior affecting the nutrition of preschool children: using the Dietary Behavior Test (DBT) and the Nutrition Quotient (NQ)
Hyeon Mi Sim, Youngshin Han, Kyung A Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(6): 604. CrossRef

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[English]
Effects of an Intensive Management Program for Diabetic Patients on a Blood Biochemical Profile and Diabetes Knowledge: Su Jeong Yeo, Bok Hee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(2):148-161. Published online April 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.2.148

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study examined the effects of nutrition education and exercise therapies on the hematological status and diabetes knowledge of diabetic patients. For this purpose, a 12-week intensive management program was provided to diabetic patients participating in an exercise program in S health subcenter in Kwangju city and the effects were analyzed.
METHODS
The subjects were 26 diabetic patients, who provided written informed consent. As a preliminary survey, this study examined the general characteristics, physical status, obesity, blood pressure, hematological status, daily activity level, diabetes knowledge, diet performance, and barriers to diet therapy. After the 12-week intensive management program was completed, a post-test was conducted in the same way as the preliminary test. The data were analyzed with using SPSS 18.0. The data from this study are presented as the mean Â± standard deviation. A paired t-test was conducted to compare differences in the means before and after the program. Statistical significance was set to p < 0.05.
RESULTS
The results of the program are presented as follows. The HDL-cholesterol levels changed from 39.8 Â± 10.5 mg/dL to 48.3 Â± 13.1 mg/dL, showing a significant increase (p < 0.001). The blood sugar 2 hours after a meal changed from 175.2 Â± 67.1 mg/dL to 140.5 Â± 42.5 mg/dL, showing a significant decrease (p=0.014). The glycosylated hemoglobin levels decreased significantly from 6.7 Â± 1.1% to 6.3 Â± 1.0% (p=0.010). The total scores of the daily activity levels increased significantly from 3.8 Â± 2.4 to 4.8 Â± 2.5 (p=0.040). The scores of knowledge on diabetes increased from 11.5 Â± 3.6 to 14.0 Â± 3.8 (p=0.001). The scores of knowledge on diet therapy changed from 6.7 Â± 2.2 to 7.9 Â± 1.7, showing a significant increase (p=0.027).
CONCLUSIONS
The 12-week intensive management program intervened by nutrition education and exercise therapies induced positive changes to the HDL-cholesterol, blood sugar 2 hours after a meal, glycosylated hemoglobin, daily activity levels, and knowledge on diabetes.

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Impact of a public health center nutrition education program on patients with type 2 diabetes in a primary care-based chronic disease management project: a pilot intervention study
Haerim Yang, Yoo Kyoung Park, Ji-hyun Lee, Hee-Sook Lim, Heejoon Baek, Hyejin Lee, Haeran Park, Pyunghwa Lee, Jooyoun Chung, Won Gyoung Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(6): 492. CrossRef
The Associated Factors of Medical Treatment in Diabetic Patients
Sun Ju Choi, So Yeon Ryu, Jong Park, Seong Woo Choi
Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2021; 46(3): 302. CrossRef
Association between diabetes mellitus and anemia among Korean adults according to sex: a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2016)
Mihye Kim, Sook-Hyun Lee, Kyoung Sun Park, Eun-Jung Kim, Sujung Yeo, In-Hyuk Ha
BMC Endocrine Disorders.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of Nutrition Counseling by Nutrition Care Process on Diet Therapy Practice and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Tae-Jeong Bae, Na-Eun Jeon, Soo-Kyong Choi, Jung-Sook Seo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(3): 214. CrossRef

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[English]
Study of the Coverage of Nutrition Labeling System on the Nutrient Intake of Koreans - using the 2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) Data: Ji Eun Park, Haeng Shin Lee, Yoonna Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(2):116-127. Published online April 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.2.116

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to examine the coverage of the current mandatory nutrition labeling system on the nutrient intake of Koreans.
METHODS
KNHANES dietary intake data (2013) of 7,242 subjects were used in the analysis. KNHANES dietary intake data were collected by a 24-hour recall method by trained dietitians. For analysis, all food items consumed by the subjects were classified into two groups (foods with mandatory labeling and other foods). In the next step, all food items were reclassified into four groups according to the food type and nutrition labeling regulations: raw material food, processed food of raw material characteristics, processed foods without mandatory labeling, and processed foods with mandatory labeling. The intake of energy and five nutrients (carbohydrate, protein, fat, saturated fat, and sodium) of subjects from each food group were analyzed to determine the coverage of the mandatory nutrition labeling system among the total nutrient intake of Koreans.
RESULTS
The average intake of foods with mandatory labeling were 384g/day, which was approximately one quarter of the total daily food intake (1,544 g/day). The proportion of energy and five nutrients intake from foods with mandatory labeling was 18.1%~47.4%. The average food intake from the 4 food groups were 745 g/day (48.3%) for the raw food materials, 54 g/day (3.5%) for the processed food of raw material characteristics, 391 g/day (25.3%) for the processed foods without mandatory labeling, and 354 g/day (22.9%) for the processed foods with mandatory labeling.
CONCLUSIONS
Although nutrition labeling is a useful tool for providing nutritional information to consumers, the coverage of current mandatory nutrition labeling system on daily nutrient intake of the Korean population is not high. To encourage informed choices and improve healthy eating habits of the Korean population, the nutrition labeling system should be expanded to include more food items and foodservice menus.

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[English]
A Comparative Study of Job Stress, Satisfaction and Commitment of Cooking Employees in Hotel Kitchens with and without HACCP Systems: Kyung Cheon Min, Wan Soo Hong; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(1):28-37. Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.1.28

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to identify differences in job stress, satisfaction and commitment of cooking employees working in hotel kitchens with and without HACCP systems.
METHODS
Culinary employees of 12 five-star hotels were surveyed and 504 valid data were used for SPSS analysis. Sub factors of working environment factors (job stress, job satisfaction, and job commitment) were examined for analysis.
RESULTS
The results showed that hotels that implemented the HACCP system had significantly higher values for the five sub factors of employee job stress (job demand, relationship conflict, organizational system, lack of job autonomy, and job instability; p < 0.001). For the sub factors of job satisfaction (internal and external satisfaction) statistic showed a statistically significant value in hotels that did not implement the HACCP system (p < 0.001). Job attachment and job importance, which are sub factors of job commitment, showed no difference in relation to the implementation of HACCP system, and job responsibility showed a higher p-value in hotels that did not implement HACCP (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The results of the study indicate that culinary employees working at venues with HACCP systems have more job related stress, lower job satisfaction and partially less job commitment. Based on this outcome, venues that have already implemented or are planning to implement HACCP systems should consider the implications regarding their management of employees. Managerial policies that enhance autonomy, job stability, achievement, self-development, promotion, and compensation should also be implemented. Finally, meticulous attention and high investments into the work environment and human resources are necessary.

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[English]
Comparison Between Semi-Quantitative Frequency Methods and 7-day Dietary Records Methods in Food and Nutrition Intake Status For Hemodialysis Patients: Dong Ryeol Ryu, Jung Hyun Kim, Hyun Jung Kim, Min Sook Kyung, Jung Tak Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(5):426-440. Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.5.426

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The valid assessment of food and nutrients intakes using appropriate dietary intake method is necessary to improve the nutritional status of the hemodialysis (HD) patients. This study was conducted to compare the method between newly developed, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (Semi-FFQ) and 7-day dietary records (7-DRs) for hemodialysis patients.
METHODS
We conducted both methods on 53 maintenance HD patients in two university hospitals. We calibrated the frequency, portion size and daily intake of 47 food items reported in Semi-FFQ. The food and nutrients intake was compared and the correlation of the two methods was analyzed. Also each nutrient intake was compared to recommended dietary allowance for Korean (KDRIs) and recommended nutrient reference value for HD patients.
RESULTS
Energy and energy-yielding nutrients intakes were significantly higher in the two methods (p<0.01). These support the possible reliability between Semi-FFQ and 7-DRs that is similar with regard to most mineral and vitamin intakes. Thus, the Semi-FFQ used in this study for the assessment of nutrient intakes of HD patients can be reliable for the assessment of the nutrient intake along with the 7-DRs. The correlation coefficients were higher for foods consumed daily, such as steamed rice, meat and chicken, bean, egg, milk, coffee and alcohol than for those of foods eaten rarely (p<0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
The Semi-FFQ used in this study can be a reliable tool for the assessment of the HD patients' nutrient intake along with the 7-DRs, despite its limitations.

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Comparison of dietary intake patterns in hemodialysis patients by nutritional status: A cross-sectional analysis
Ji Eun Lee, Hyun-Jung Kim, Mi Jung Lee, Young Eun Kwon, Min-Sook Kyung, Jung-Tak Park, Jung Pyo Lee, Su-Hyun Kim, Jung-Hyun Kim, Hyung Jung Oh, Dong-Ryeol Ryu
Kidney Research and Clinical Practice.2020; 39(2): 202. CrossRef
Comparison of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients’ dietary behaviors
Seon-Mi Kim, Byung Chin Kang, Hyun-Jung Kim, Min-Sook Kyung, Hyung Jung Oh, Jung-Hyun Kim, Oran Kwon, Dong-Ryeol Ryu
BMC Nephrology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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[English]
Relationship between Snack Intake and Oral Health Behavior of Middle School Students in Gyeonggi Area: Hyunsook Kang, Kyunghee Song; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(4):336-346. Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.4.336

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The study was performed to investigate the relationship between snack intake and oral health behavior in middle school students in Gyeonggi-do area.
METHODS
The survey questionnaire was recorded by middle school students from July 6 to August 24, 2011. The questionnaire included items on general characteristics, snack intake status, and oral health behavior. Among collected survey questionnaire, a total of 620 questionnaires (320 males and 300 females) were analyzed using SPSS 15.0 program.
RESULTS
Frequencies of snack and beverage intakes were significantly higher in males than in females (p < 0.001). Oral health behavior was significantly higher in students with lower snack intake compared to those with higher or average snack intake (p < 0.05). Oral health behavior for tooth brushing and toothbrush care were significantly higher in females than in males (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Oral health behavior score that reflected better oral health of the subjects were higher as the snack intake was lower. Oral health behavior score was higher in females than in males. We conclude that the contents for oral health and nutrition education focused on snack intake need to be developed to induce changes in oral health behavior in middle school students.

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Effects of night eating on oral health characteristics and symptoms of poor oral health in adolescents: a cross-sectional study using the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Seung–Hee Hong
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(2): 150. CrossRef
Evaluation of frequency of consumption of cariogenic snacks by freshmen versus the senior dental students in Tehran and the related factors: a cross-sectional study
Mahdia Gholami, Simin Z Mohebbi, Milad Mafakheri, Houra Shahhosseini
BMJ Open.2024; 14(9): e086041. CrossRef

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[English]
Qualitative Study on Improvement of Operating System and Tailored Nutrition Education Program for Marriage Immigrants to Korea: Program Providers' Perspective: Mee Young Joe, Ji Yun Hwang; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(4):323-335. Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.4.323

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study is to analyze the current status of nutrition education programs for multicultural families and to provide policy suggestions for improvement.
METHODS
In-depth interviews of a total of 21 multicultural experts were conducted; 15 people were interviewed individually, while 6 people were interviewed in groups of three.
RESULTS
In-depth interviews revealed various problems related to the operation of nutrition education programs. The causes of problems were analyzed and categorized as four factors: systemic, practical, environmental and cultural. As for the systematic factors, insufficient linkage between related organizations and duplicate performance of several projects were identified as concerns Establishment of a control tower and strengthening the linkage among the related organizations may be needed to address this concern. With regard to practical factors, the study identified that language barriers, and lack of nutritional education media and tools translated into multicultural languages were limiting factors. These limitations the development of nutrition education materials that aretranslated into multiple languages, implementation of education programs that are different from the Korean education, and by providing interpreters. As for the environmental factors, low educational level and poor nutritional knowledge of multicultural women made it difficult for them to understand the contents of the education. Demonstration, practical training and urgent education on pregnancy and childbirth nutrition were identified as needs to address these concerns. Withregard to cultural factors, food culture conflict with Korean families, and difficulties in home practices were detected as concerns. Participants in the study suggested that getting education with family and facilitation of weekend and nighttime programs health of this community.
CONCLUSIONS
Further studies are needed to adopt more effective and efficient nutrition intervention to promote the healthy eating of the married immigrant women based on the study results.

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Development and Application of Customized Nutrition Education Content Using Personas for Married Immigrant Women: Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Social Cognitive Theory
Sil-Ah Kim, Min-Ah Kim, Seung-Ah Kim, Ji-Yun Hwang
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2025; 54(7): 614. CrossRef
Study on the Dietary Behavior of Adolescents in Multicultural Families Using the Nutrition Quotient and Their Changes in the Nutrition Knowledge and the Dietary Attitudes after Nutrition Education
Yoo-Jin Jung, Sung Hee Min, Min June Lee
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2020; 30(3): 208. CrossRef
Effect of Dietary Education Experience (Home, School, and Mass Media) on Food Consumer Information literacy
Ji Eun Kim, Kyoung Sook Choi
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(5): 363. CrossRef

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[English]
Effects of Nutrition Education at a Community Health Center on Overweight and Obese Middle-aged Women in Jeonbuk Area-Focused on Personalized Daily Energy Requirement and Food Exchange Units: Se Yeon Kim, Sook Bae Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(4):307-322. Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.4.307

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study examined the effects of nutrition education focused on personalized daily energy requirement and food units using Food Exchange System on anthropometric, biochemical characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrient intakes for overweight and obese in a public health center.
METHODS
The subjects were 60 overweight/obese women based on BMI (educated 30 vs. noneducated 30, 50~64 years). Educated group was provided individual and/or group lessons (40 min/ lesson/week, 5 week), â€˜Introduction: obese & healthâ€™, â€˜6 nutrients and 6 food groupsâ€™, â€˜My obesity & daily needed energyâ€™, â€˜Meal planning for personalized daily energy and food units using Food Exchange Systemsâ€™, and â€˜Smart food choicesâ€™. After education, we examined the differences in anthropometric/biochemical characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrient intakes between educated group and non-educated group.
RESULTS
After nutrition education, in the educated group, there were improvements on anthropometric/biochemical characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrient intakes in the educated group compared to the non-educated group. We observed a decrease in the mean weight, total cholesterol (TC) and the incidence of overweight/obesity and hypercholesterolemia and an increase in the mean lean body mass. The scores of nutrition knowledge, â€˜Function of carbohydrate, protein, vitamin, mineralâ€™ and â€˜Food Sources of fat, vitamin, mineralâ€™ were increased. The scores of dietary attitudes, â€˜Taking a joyful meal, a leisurely meal, a balanced meal, a meal with sufficient vegetables, a meal with diversity, a meal with spicy foods, a meal with overeatingâ€™ were increased. The intakes of energy, carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamin A, thiamin, Zn and cholesterol were decreased. The scores of INQ, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, folate, Ca, P, Fe, Zn were increased.
CONCLUSIONS
The nutrition education focused on personalized daily energy requirement and food exchange unit using Food Exchange System for overweight and obese may improve food behavior, dietary intakes and symptoms of overweight and obese, even in a community health center.

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Evaluation of Irisin Levels in Cancer Anorexia Cachexia Syndrome and the Relationship between Nutrition Education and Quality of Life
Diler Us Altay, Duygu Mataracı Değirmenci, Salih Can Çelik, Abdullah Üner, Tevfik Noyan, Çağrı Akalın
Cumhuriyet Science Journal.2024; 45(4): 636. CrossRef
Influence of Comprehensive Lifestyle Intervention (LSI) Program on Health, Fatigue, and Quality of Life in Middle-Aged Women
Su-Jin Jung, Seung-Ok Lee, Min-Jun Choi, Jun Heo, Soo-Wan Chae, Baik-Hwan Cho
Journal of Lifestyle Medicine.2022; 12(3): 127. CrossRef
Effects of Nutrition Education and Exercise Program on Obesity Index and Behavioral Modification in Moderate Obese Women
Myung-Hee Chang, Su-Jin Jung
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(4): 318. CrossRef
Effects of an Intensive Management Program for Diabetic Patients on a Blood Biochemical Profile and Diabetes Knowledge
Su-Jeong Yeo, Bok-Hee Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(2): 148. CrossRef

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[English]
Distribution and Exposure Prevalence of Carbohydrate-based Food Intake among Obese Korean Adults Based on the Health Examinees (HEXA) Study: Yuri Han, Sung Ok Kwon, Sang Ah Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(2):159-170. Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.2.159

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to estimate the distribution and exposure prevalence of total carbohydrate intake and the carbohydrate-based foods such as rice, noodles, sweet potatoes, sweet drinks, milk and fruits and to characterize intake patterns among obese Korean adults.
METHODS
Subjects included 137,363 adults aged 40 years or older who participated in a Health Examinees (HEXA) Study. Multiple regression analysis of data from Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQFFQ) identified food sources of carbohydrates. Weight, height and waist circumstance (WC) were measured, and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Obesity was defined as BMI â‰¥ 25 kg/m2 and abdominal obesity as WC â‰¥ 90 cm and â‰¥ 85 cm for males and females, respectively.
RESULTS
Obese adults appeared to have a higher total carbohydrate intake in the univariate analysis but had eaten less after adjustment for general and lifestyle factors, compared to normal weight adults (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.73-0.82 for general obesity; OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.74-0.85, for abdominal obesity; P trend < 0.0001, respectively). Based on advance analysis for the food sources of carbohydrates, obese subjects had lower intake of rice (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.68 -1.09 for general obesity; OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.67-1.13, for abdominal obesity; P trend < 0.0001, respectively) and higher intake of noodles (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.16-1.27 for general obesity; OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.19-1.32, for abdominal obesity; P trend < 0.0001 respectively). With regard to other food sources of carbohydrates such as milk and fruits, intake was lower among obese compared to normal weight subjects.
CONCLUSIONS
In the Korean middle-aged and older obesity groups, the intake of carbohydrates and the related foods was lower than in normal weight subjects, except for noodles. We conclude that a higher intake of noodles may enhance weight-gain. Therefore, this study suggested that the guidelines should consider the types of carbohydrate sources and the amount consumed from foods in order to provide proper guidance with regard to control and prevent obesity among Korean adults.

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Calcium- and Sodium-Rich Food Intake among Koreans with and without Metabolic Syndrome: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Byeonggeun Choi, Jiyoon Kim, Yeonjin Kim, Jiae Shin, Sang-Ah Lee
Nutrients.2024; 16(15): 2439. CrossRef
In vitro safety and efficacy of probiotics mixture on carbohydrate digestion inhibition
Eunsol Seo, Jang-Bin Woo, MinYeong Seo, Jeongmin Woo
Korean Journal of Food Preservation.2023; 30(3): 538. CrossRef
Assessment of dietary quality and nutrient intake of obese children in Changwon area
Ji-Sook Park, Ha-Neul Choi, Jae-Young Kim, Sang-Hyuk Ma, Jung-Eun Yim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2022; 55(6): 630. CrossRef
Comparison of the levels of energy intake from dish and food groups by gender and age among Korean obese adults: data obtained from the 2013-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Cheongmin Sohn, Woori Na, Chaeryeon Kim, Seunghee Choi, Oh Yoen Kim, Jounghee Lee, Mi Ock Yoon, Myoungsook Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2022; 55(6): 670. CrossRef
Relationship between Obesity and Dental Caries in Some University Students: A Pilot Study
SooJeong Hwang, Hoon Kim, MinSeock Seo
Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2021; 21(2): 127. CrossRef

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[English]
The Factors Influencing the Bone Mineral Density in Korean Adult Men : Based on Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010~2011 Data: Hye Sang Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(2):136-144. Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.2.136

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to determine which factors influence the bone mineral density (BMD) of total femur (TF), femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) of the adult men by analyzing nationally representative Korean survey data.
METHODS
This study was conducted based on the data of 1,770 men aged 19-64 years from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V), 2010~2011. The BMD was analyzed by various factors (general characteristics, anthropometric data, health habits, chronic diseases, nutrient intake status). SPSS statistics for complex samples was used to analyze the data.
RESULTS
We observed that the BMD decreased significantly with aging. The BMD in each of the second lowest quartile of waist circumference (in TF & FN) and body mass index (in TF & LS) was lower than the respective BMD in the highest quartile group. The BMD in FN was higher in the group who reported the weight training. The BMD in LS was lower in hypercholesterolemia group than in the normal group. The BMD in TF, FN and LS was lower in hypertriglyceridemia group and in diabetes group than in the normal group. The BMD in TF, FN and LS was higher in the group with < Estimated Average Requirement iron intake. But there was no evidence to suggest that the BMD was related with educational level, income level, smoking, alcohol intake, anemia and nutrient intake status (except for iron).
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggested that aging, waist circumference, body mass index, weight training, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglycemia, diabetes were site-specifically associated with the BMD in TF, FN and LS in the adult men. These bone site-specific factors need to be considered for the prevention of osteoporosis.

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Significant association factors of bone mineral density in Taiwan adults
Tzyy-Ling Chuang, Mei-Hua Chuang, Chun-Hung Lin, Shih-Chin Chou, Yuh-Feng Wang
Tzu Chi Medical Journal.2020; 32(4): 367. CrossRef
Bone Mineral Density as a Predictor of Atherogenic Indexes of Cardiovascular Disease, Especially in Nonobese Adults
Tzyy-Ling Chuang, Jiunn-Wen Lin, Yuh-Feng Wang
Disease Markers.2019; 2019: 1. CrossRef
Developing Customized Phantom for Korean Bone Density Using 3D Printing
Junho Lee, Kwan-Yong Choi, Jae-Ho Choi
Journal of Radiological Science and Technology.2019; 42(3): 223. CrossRef

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[English]
Survey on Foodservice Satisfaction and Dietary Education needs for Improvement of School Foodservice in Middle School Students in Seoul: Kyung Hee Shin, Youngmee Lee, Wookyoun Cho; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(2):127-135. Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.2.127

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to examine the satisfaction of school cafeterias among the surveyed group at two middle schools located in Seoul.
METHODS
574 out of 600 middle school students in Seoul (95.7%) completed the study.
RESULTS
Satisfaction rate of school meals was significantly higher among girls (73.2%) compared to boys (45.1%). The reasons for satisfaction factors of school meals were with the taste of school meals (55.1%), menu (19.3%), nutrition (14.2%), and food hygiene safety (7.0%). Students who had a double-income family, well-educated mother and higher happiness in their life reported a higher satisfaction with school meals. Both boys and girls who consumed milk frequently showed significantly higher satisfaction with school meals. Factors that were related to satisfaction of school meals were food temperature, the amount of food (especially among boys). Variety in the menu and food distribution speed were less related to the satisfaction of meals. In the case of girls, waiting time, food distribution speed were more important to them while the kindness of school staff was a less important factor. Improvements that were needed to increase the satisfaction for the school lunch meals, from the most important to least important were as follows: variety of meals (36.6%), food distribution speedÂ·waiting time (24.6%), taste of food (15.7%), amount of food (7.7%), hygienic management (5.1%), food quality (4.7%), kindness (3.0%), temperature of the food (2.8%). Students preferred to broadcast on campus and cooking practice for the dietary education.
CONCLUSIONS
To improve school meal satisfaction, it is necessary for food distribution facilities to make improvements with regard to variety of meals and reduced waiting time.

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Development and evaluation of an intervention to improve food and nutrition literacy among Iranian Kurdish primary school children: An application of intervention mapping approach
Mohammad Ahmadpour, Nasrin Omidvar, Elham Shakibazadeh, Azam Doustmohammadian, Abbas Rahimiforoushani
Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Feasibility Study on Application of Revised Nutritional Standards for School Lunches: Consumer Satisfaction Survey
Meeyoung Kim, Youngmin Nam
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2019; 29(5): 367. CrossRef
Improving Perception and Satisfaction on Middle and High School Foodservice: The Role of Student Participation Program in Serving School Meals
Jeong-Eun Park, Kyung-Suk Choi
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(3): 243. CrossRef

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